World Development Indicators

Towards a broader measure of savings
Gross savings	Consumption of fixed capital	Education expenditure	Net forest depletion	Energy depletion	Mineral depletion	Carbon dioxide damage	Local pollution damage	Adjusted net savings

% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI
2021	2021	2021	2021	2021	2021	2021	2021	2021

Afghanistan	..	8.3	2.6	0.3	0.0	0.0	1.2	2.1	..
Albania	19.6	17.0	2.8	0.1	0.6	0.1	1.2	0.2	3.1
Algeria	37.4	8.3	4.5	0.0	12.8	0.0	4.9	0.4	15.4
American Samoa	..	..	11.8	..	..	..	..	..	..
Andorra	..	8.7	2.8	..	..	0.0	0.6	..	..
Angola	43.7	8.2	3.6	0.7	22.5	0.0	1.7	0.6	13.4
Antigua and Barbuda	14.5	11.5	2.3	..	0.0	0.0	1.2	..	..
Argentina	22.0	11.7	5.0	0.0	1.6	0.5	1.6	0.1	11.6
Armenia	17.0	12.9	2.7	0.3	0.0	3.3	2.0	0.3	0.9
Aruba	15.4	12.2	5.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.9	..	..
Australia	26.1	17.3	5.0	0.1	1.6	4.5	1.1	0.0	6.4
Austria	28.1	19.6	4.9	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.6	0.0	12.7
Azerbaijan	33.5	8.7	3.9	0.0	15.9	0.3	3.1	0.2	9.3
Bahamas, The	7.9	5.8	3.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.1	4.8
Bahrain	..	10.1	2.9	0.0	11.2	0.0	4.1	0.2	..
Bangladesh	34.2	1.2	1.3	0.1	0.5	0.0	1.0	0.6	32.2
Barbados	..	12.0	6.4	0.0	0.3	0.0	0.9	0.3	..
Belarus	30.4	16.9	4.4	0.0	0.7	0.0	3.9	0.2	13.2
Belgium	26.2	19.3	5.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.0	12.1
Belize	27.1	19.7	6.4	0.2	0.2	0.0	1.2	0.3	12.0
Benin	21.5	10.6	2.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.1	2.1	9.4
Bermuda	40.4	3.8	1.4	..	0.0	0.0	0.5	..	..
Bhutan	14.3	1.6	5.8	2.6	0.0	0.0	2.0	0.5	13.4
Bolivia	14.2	12.5	6.1	0.0	2.3	4.7	2.5	0.4	-2.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20.9	15.1	..	0.0	0.0	0.0	4.1	0.4	..
Botswana	23.1	20.5	9.5	0.3	0.4	0.2	2.2	0.5	8.5
Brazil	17.9	18.9	5.9	0.0	2.3	1.5	1.3	0.2	-0.2
Brunei Darussalam	49.4	11.1	4.0	0.0	16.0	0.0	2.2	0.1	24.0
Bulgaria	21.9	14.5	4.1	0.0	0.1	0.5	2.1	0.3	8.5
Burkina Faso	17.8	8.6	4.3	0.0	0.0	12.6	1.4	2.3	7.6
Burundi	..	15.9	5.2	13.9	0.0	0.0	1.4	1.9	..
Cabo Verde	33.0	11.8	5.2	0.3	0.5	0.0	1.4	0.4	23.8
Cambodia	30.2	10.7	1.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	3.3	0.5	17.3
Cameroon	14.4	11.4	2.7	2.6	2.3	0.0	1.0	1.4	-1.6
Canada	23.1	16.5	4.5	0.0	1.4	0.8	1.3	0.0	7.6
Cayman Islands	..	8.0	..	..	0.0	0.0	0.7	..	..
Central African Republic	..	20.1	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.5	0.9	..
Chad	..	13.0	1.8	4.0	9.6	0.0	1.0	3.2	..
Channel Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Chile	19.9	18.2	5.5	0.0	0.0	9.4	1.4	0.1	-3.7
China	45.3	26.5	1.8	0.0	0.7	0.3	2.7	0.5	16.3
Hong Kong SAR, China	27.0	17.8	2.8	..	0.0	0.0	0.4	..	..
Macao SAR, China	31.4	8.6	4.4	..	0.0	0.0	0.4	..	..
Colombia	13.8	10.9	4.3	0.0	3.5	0.7	1.2	0.2	1.6
Comoros	13.9	7.1	2.5	1.6	0.0	0.0	1.3	1.1	5.4
Congo, Dem. Rep.	25.5	4.4	2.1	10.0	0.5	22.7	0.3	1.0	-11.2
Congo, Rep.	19.1	25.7	2.5	3.1	21.9	0.0	2.5	0.9	-33.5
Costa Rica	16.8	6.0	6.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.1	16.9
Cote d'Ivoire	21.8	3.2	3.2	0.0	0.5	1.9	0.8	1.0	19.0
Croatia	24.6	18.4	3.6	0.2	0.3	0.0	1.0	0.1	8.3
Cuba	..	12.6	13.0	0.1	0.5	0.1	1.0	0.1	..
Curacao	..	16.5	4.9	..	0.0	0.0	..	..	..
Cyprus	12.4	14.5	5.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.1	1.9
Czechia	29.5	22.3	4.3	0.2	0.0	0.0	1.5	0.1	9.7
Denmark	31.0	16.2	6.2	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.3	0.0	20.4
Djibouti	12.8	9.7	7.8	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.5	2.0	7.0
Dominica	..	15.0	5.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.2	..	..
Dominican Republic	29.3	7.1	2.5	0.0	0.0	1.4	1.4	0.3	21.6
Ecuador	25.8	19.4	3.6	0.0	5.7	0.0	1.6	0.3	2.4
Egypt, Arab Rep.	7.9	6.1	4.4	0.1	3.6	0.0	3.0	0.7	-1.1
El Salvador	18.1	13.8	3.4	0.6	0.0	0.0	1.3	0.2	5.6
Equatorial Guinea	..	26.6	1.0	2.6	18.8	0.0	2.3	0.7	..
Eritrea	..	..	1.7	..	..	..	..	..	..
Estonia	31.1	17.4	4.8	0.0	0.8	0.0	1.2	0.0	16.5
Eswatini	20.0	17.6	7.1	2.6	0.0	0.0	1.1	1.1	4.7
Ethiopia	25.2	7.4	3.1	5.6	0.0	0.2	0.9	0.8	13.4
Faroe Islands	..	..	..	..	0.0	0.0	1.0	..	..
Fiji	16.4	12.2	4.0	1.2	0.0	0.9	1.5	0.6	4.6
Finland	24.8	18.7	5.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.0	11.2
France	23.7	18.8	4.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.0	9.2
French Polynesia	..	..	0.5	..	..	..	..	..	..
Gabon	..	23.7	3.1	3.1	11.3	0.0	1.3	0.3	..
Gambia, The	36.6	16.2	2.7	2.9	0.0	0.0	1.4	0.9	17.8
Georgia	9.2	12.1	1.8	0.1	0.0	1.1	2.8	0.5	-5.6
Germany	29.6	18.9	4.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.1	14.5
Ghana	22.3	10.0	4.2	3.9	2.6	4.4	1.3	0.7	3.8
Greece	10.7	14.7	3.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.1	-2.2
Greenland	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Grenada	..	14.0	3.8	..	0.0	0.0	1.2	..	..
Guam	..	..	8.3	..	..	..	..	..	..
Guatemala	19.6	11.7	3.1	0.0	0.1	0.5	1.2	0.6	8.6
Guinea	2.2	12.5	2.4	5.1	0.0	0.0	1.4	1.9	-16.3
Guinea-Bissau	13.3	4.5	1.2	10.4	0.0	0.0	0.9	1.7	-3.7
Guyana	..	3.6	2.9	2.3	19.6	7.6	3.0	0.3	..
Haiti	14.9	5.5	1.5	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.7	1.8	8.0
Honduras	20.9	5.1	6.3	0.0	0.0	0.3	1.7	0.6	19.4
Hungary	27.4	18.1	3.9	0.0	0.3	0.0	1.1	0.2	11.5
Iceland	16.0	17.2	7.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.0	5.7
India	30.7	12.1	3.1	0.2	0.5	0.9	3.4	1.2	15.4
Indonesia	34.0	20.3	3.3	0.0	2.0	1.3	2.4	0.5	10.8
Iran, Islamic Rep.	..	20.2	3.3	0.0	5.0	1.7	8.6	0.4	..
Iraq	30.8	10.4	4.6	0.0	11.5	0.0	3.4	0.6	9.4
Ireland	51.3	34.6	4.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.4	0.0	20.1
Isle of Man	..	..	..	..	..	0.0	..	..	..
Israel	29.6	15.0	5.6	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.6	0.1	19.2
Italy	22.7	18.1	3.9	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.6	0.1	7.7
Jamaica	34.9	6.3	5.2	0.1	0.3	0.0	2.5	0.2	30.8
Japan	27.1	25.2	2.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.1	3.6
Jordan	8.3	4.2	2.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.4	0.3	4.2
Kazakhstan	29.1	12.1	3.3	0.0	8.7	6.5	5.0	0.2	-0.2
Kenya	16.7	11.1	4.9	1.2	0.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	7.2
Kiribati	31.7	4.3	6.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.2	..	..
Korea, Dem. People's Rep.	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea, Rep.	36.2	20.6	3.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.5	0.2	17.7
Kosovo	26.7	13.0	..	..	0.1	0.3	4.2	..	..
Kuwait	28.5	7.7	3.2	0.0	8.7	0.0	2.4	0.2	12.7
Kyrgyz Republic	21.9	14.8	5.3	0.0	0.0	9.2	5.4	0.4	-2.7
Lao PDR	..	19.1	2.6	1.6	0.0	1.9	7.2	0.9	..
Latvia	22.0	21.7	3.8	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.8	0.1	3.1
Lebanon	-2.9	22.2	2.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	4.4	0.5	-27.9
Lesotho	19.7	13.7	6.3	3.8	0.0	0.0	1.2	1.5	5.8
Liberia	..	23.9	3.7	17.5	0.0	4.5	1.8	0.9	..
Libya	-14.2	9.8	2.1	0.1	13.5	0.0	6.1	0.5	-27.2
Liechtenstein	..	14.9	3.1	0.0	..	0.0	0.1	..	..
Lithuania	21.6	12.5	3.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.1	12.1
Luxembourg	32.8	16.6	4.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.0	20.4
Madagascar	8.9	6.2	2.1	5.6	0.0	0.0	1.4	1.1	-3.3
Malawi	..	4.7	4.6	4.3	0.0	0.0	0.6	1.1	..
Malaysia	26.8	21.2	3.9	1.8	4.2	0.0	2.9	0.2	0.4
Maldives	33.1	12.0	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0	0.1	23.0
Mali	15.8	5.0	4.5	2.3	0.0	13.2	1.6	2.4	3.4
Malta	31.2	14.9	4.7	..	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.0	..
Marshall Islands	14.4	9.8	12.7	..	..	0.0	2.8	..	..
Mauritania	38.9	7.5	2.9	0.7	0.0	6.6	1.9	0.9	24.3
Mauritius	8.4	11.6	4.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.4	0.2	0.0
Mexico	24.2	20.6	4.3	0.0	1.9	0.8	1.5	0.2	3.5
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.	..	6.2	23.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.9	..	..
Moldova	16.4	12.2	5.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.8	0.2	6.7
Monaco	..	..	1.0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Mongolia	23.8	13.5	4.6	0.0	3.4	11.5	7.4	0.7	-8.1
Montenegro	17.1	12.0	..	0.1	0.0	0.0	1.8	0.3	..
Morocco	29.2	10.1	5.2	0.0	0.0	0.1	2.2	0.5	21.5
Mozambique	15.2	23.2	5.4	0.0	0.6	0.1	2.5	1.1	-7.0
Myanmar	30.8	6.2	1.7	2.2	2.4	0.8	2.8	0.9	20.5
Namibia	7.3	12.7	8.9	0.9	0.0	2.2	1.5	0.7	-1.8
Nepal	32.5	6.8	2.9	0.5	0.0	0.0	2.0	1.7	24.4
Netherlands	29.3	17.5	4.7	0.0	0.3	0.0	0.6	0.1	15.5
New Caledonia	..	..	0.5	..	..	..	..	..	..
New Zealand	18.8	15.2	7.4	0.0	0.4	0.1	0.6	0.0	9.9
Nicaragua	21.6	9.2	4.1	0.0	0.0	2.2	1.9	0.3	12.1
Niger	13.6	3.6	3.3	0.0	0.2	0.6	0.6	2.4	9.6
Nigeria	35.2	11.5	0.9	0.0	2.7	0.0	1.2	2.1	18.5
North Macedonia	30.5	16.6	3.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.5	0.3	14.3
Northern Mariana Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Norway	38.6	17.1	6.7	0.0	7.7	0.0	0.3	0.0	20.2
Oman	18.8	7.3	6.5	0.0	24.0	0.0	4.3	0.1	-10.3
Pakistan	14.1	4.0	2.0	0.1	0.9	0.0	2.6	2.3	6.1
Palau	..	10.3	..	..	..	0.0	4.1	..	..
Panama	30.7	11.8	2.8	0.0	0.0	1.3	0.9	0.1	19.4
Papua New Guinea	..	7.5	6.9	2.0	9.4	9.2	1.3	1.3	..
Paraguay	24.0	6.9	3.2	1.3	0.1	0.0	1.1	0.2	17.6
Peru	22.2	10.2	3.5	0.1	0.3	7.2	1.2	0.2	6.5
Philippines	19.5	10.1	1.8	0.0	0.2	1.1	1.6	0.7	7.7
Poland	20.4	11.7	4.5	0.0	0.1	0.2	2.0	0.2	10.8
Portugal	19.4	19.9	4.6	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.8	0.0	3.1
Puerto Rico	..	19.1	8.6	..	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1	..
Qatar	52.2	18.1	2.4	0.0	8.8	0.0	2.3	0.1	25.5
Romania	19.3	15.8	3.4	0.0	0.7	0.0	1.1	0.2	5.0
Russian Federation	30.2	14.3	4.4	0.0	8.6	0.9	4.4	0.1	6.4
Rwanda	15.7	13.2	2.5	3.8	0.0	0.0	0.6	2.0	-1.5
Samoa	28.8	8.4	4.2	0.3	0.0	0.0	1.6	0.6	27.7
San Marino	..	24.4	3.8	..	..	0.0	..	..	..
Sao Tome and Principe	..	18.1	3.5	1.9	0.0	0.0	1.3	1.2	..
Saudi Arabia	24.1	12.0	7.2	0.0	5.1	0.0	2.9	0.3	10.9
Senegal	..	10.0	5.0	0.0	0.0	2.3	1.9	1.0	..
Serbia	22.1	15.6	3.7	0.0	0.4	0.2	3.5	0.4	5.7
Seychelles	7.4	11.2	4.6	0.1	0.0	0.0	2.0	..	..
Sierra Leone	0.3	5.5	7.1	8.0	0.0	0.2	1.0	2.3	-9.7
Singapore	50.3	20.8	2.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.1	31.6
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Slovak Republic	19.3	17.7	4.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.1	0.1	4.4
Slovenia	26.3	18.5	4.6	0.1	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.1	11.2
Solomon Islands	18.2	8.7	9.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	1.8	16.9
Somalia	..	7.6	1.0	11.3	0.0	0.0	0.4	7.1	..
South Africa	16.5	13.0	6.5	0.0	1.7	2.7	4.6	0.4	-2.5
South Sudan	..	..	1.8	..	..	..	..	..	..
Spain	21.7	17.0	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.0	8.0
Sri Lanka	33.1	7.8	1.6	0.1	0.0	0.0	1.3	0.3	25.3
St. Kitts and Nevis	..	13.2	1.6	..	0.0	0.0	1.0	..	..
St. Lucia	..	16.1	3.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.3	..
St. Martin (French part)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	..	16.7	5.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.4	..
Sudan	7.0	7.0	2.2	0.0	0.4	5.4	2.9	2.0	-8.5
Suriname	..	15.7	3.4	1.9	7.7	0.0	4.0	0.3	..
Sweden	30.3	16.9	7.1	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.2	0.0	19.8
Switzerland	36.0	24.0	4.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.0	16.2
Syrian Arab Republic	..	3.6	2.6	0.0	1.4	0.0	9.9	0.5	..
Tajikistan	31.0	8.9	3.6	0.6	0.2	4.5	5.6	0.5	16.4
Tanzania	34.7	9.1	3.7	0.0	0.2	3.1	0.9	1.4	25.2
Thailand	28.8	19.4	3.9	0.0	1.4	0.0	2.3	0.4	9.2
Timor-Leste	-10.8	12.8	3.2	0.1	57.2	0.0	2.4	1.5	-81.6
Togo	22.3	5.7	3.6	3.0	0.0	3.8	1.2	2.0	12.3
Tonga	4.3	8.7	2.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.5	0.3	-3.3
Trinidad and Tobago	..	8.7	4.0	0.1	6.3	0.0	2.8	0.2	..
Tunisia	8.2	10.9	5.9	0.2	1.2	0.0	2.8	0.3	-1.4
Turkiye	30.8	15.3	4.1	0.0	0.1	0.3	2.4	0.2	13.1
Turkmenistan	..	15.6	2.3	0.0	6.2	0.0	6.8	0.5	..
Turks and Caicos Islands	..	10.8	2.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	..	..
Tuvalu	..	7.9	..	..	0.0	0.0	0.5	..	..
Uganda	10.1	5.8	1.7	8.6	0.0	0.0	0.8	1.0	-4.4
Ukraine	12.8	13.5	5.0	0.0	0.7	1.7	3.7	0.2	-2.0
United Arab Emirates	..	5.3	2.9	0.0	3.4	0.0	2.1	0.3	..
United Kingdom	16.0	15.2	5.1	..	0.5	0.0	0.4	0.0	..
United States	17.9	16.2	4.4	0.0	0.8	0.1	0.9	0.1	4.3
Uruguay	17.9	8.0	4.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.1	13.9
Uzbekistan	33.5	14.1	4.9	0.0	8.4	5.5	7.2	0.5	2.7
Vanuatu	44.1	7.4	2.0	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.9	2.3	38.0
Venezuela, RB	..	..	6.5	..	..	..	..	..	..
Viet Nam	34.4	14.3	4.6	0.0	0.5	0.0	4.8	0.3	19.0
Virgin Islands (U.S.)	..	..	9.4	..	..	..	..	..	..
West Bank and Gaza	15.9	9.2	4.1	..	0.0	0.0	0.7	..	..
Yemen, Rep.	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Zambia	47.0	19.8	3.6	0.0	0.0	21.0	1.8	1.0	22.5
Zimbabwe	16.8	9.9	1.9	1.9	0.1	3.1	1.8	1.7	1.5
World	27.8	18.8	3.8	0.1	1.0	0.4	1.6	0.2	9.6
East Asia & Pacific	38.8	24.3	2.5	0.0	0.7	0.5	2.2	0.4	13.2
Europe & Central Asia	25.8	17.6	4.7	0.0	1.0	0.2	1.0	0.1	10.6
Latin America & Caribbean	20.6	16.6	5.0	0.0	1.8	1.8	1.3	0.2	3.9
Middle East & North Africa	22.3	11.4	4.8	0.0	3.8	0.1	3.4	0.4	8.0
North America	18.3	16.2	4.4	0.0	0.8	0.1	0.9	0.1	4.6
South Asia	29.7	10.1	2.8	0.2	0.5	0.7	3.0	1.2	16.7
Sub-Saharan Africa	24.1	10.9	3.6	1.6	2.4	2.3	2.0	1.5	7.1
Low income	19.3	7.7	2.9	5.1	0.4	4.8	1.1	1.5	1.5
Lower middle income	27.3	10.2	3.0	0.3	1.2	0.9	2.8	1.1	13.9
Upper middle income	38.5	23.2	2.7	0.0	1.4	0.6	2.7	0.4	12.9
High income	23.2	17.8	4.4	0.0	0.8	0.3	0.9	0.1	7.7

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