World Development Indicators

Labor force structure
Labor force participation rate				Labor force (ages 15 and older)				Labor force growth (%)
Male		Female		Total		Female
% ages 15 and older		% ages 15 and older		millions		% of labor force
2015	2021	2015	2015-21	2015	2021	2015	2021	2015-21

Afghanistan	75.3	67.3	19.1	-4.4	8.6	9.2	20.3	17.9	1.1
Albania	64.3	66.2	47.1	1.6	1.3	1.4	43.4	45.0	0.9
Algeria	68.4	64.8	15.3	-1.6	12.1	12.3	17.5	17.0	0.4
American Samoa	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Andorra	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Angola	78.6	78.1	73.9	0.2	11.7	14.5	49.7	50.1	3.6
Antigua and Barbuda	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Argentina	71.5	70.8	47.5	0.9	19.3	21.0	40.9	42.4	1.4
Armenia	69.4	69.1	55.9	0.7	1.5	1.5	50.3	50.9	0.1
Aruba	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Australia	71.2	70.8	59.2	0.6	12.6	13.8	46.1	47.2	1.6
Austria	65.9	66.2	54.8	0.2	4.5	4.7	46.8	46.7	0.7
Azerbaijan	66.3	64.9	61.1	-0.4	4.7	4.8	51.1	50.1	0.5
Bahamas, The	79.0	76.3	66.4	-0.5	0.2	0.2	48.0	48.5	0.4
Bahrain	86.7	84.3	43.4	-0.7	0.8	0.8	21.5	21.3	1.3
Bangladesh	80.7	81.4	33.5	3.9	61.9	72.8	30.6	35.8	2.7
Barbados	69.6	67.5	61.7	-0.3	0.1	0.1	49.8	50.0	0.1
Belarus	70.9	71.2	58.6	-0.2	5.1	4.9	49.7	49.3	-0.5
Belgium	59.0	58.9	48.0	0.5	5.0	5.2	46.1	46.6	0.7
Belize	79.5	75.3	48.3	0.0	0.2	0.2	37.8	39.1	2.0
Benin	75.1	77.2	72.0	0.6	4.7	5.9	49.6	49.5	3.6
Bermuda	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Bhutan	70.0	72.7	55.0	2.8	0.3	0.4	39.6	43.1	3.2
Bolivia	78.0	84.6	57.0	3.7	5.0	6.4	42.1	45.8	4.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	62.7	60.6	39.4	-0.4	1.5	1.4	41.6	41.8	-1.7
Botswana	68.3	69.1	56.3	0.8	0.9	1.0	45.9	46.3	2.4
Brazil	75.7	72.9	53.3	-0.3	100.6	104.1	42.4	43.0	0.6
Brunei Darussalam	73.0	71.8	57.4	-0.8	0.2	0.2	40.9	39.8	1.1
Bulgaria	60.1	62.1	48.7	0.1	3.3	3.1	46.6	46.2	-1.0
Burkina Faso	71.5	56.3	55.6	-4.1	6.5	6.2	44.9	44.5	-0.8
Burundi	78.2	77.8	80.8	-0.1	4.7	5.5	51.8	51.7	2.8
Cabo Verde	66.4	62.0	51.8	-1.0	0.2	0.2	43.6	43.5	-0.7
Cambodia	86.4	85.8	73.4	0.1	8.5	9.3	48.1	48.2	1.6
Cameroon	76.8	73.7	65.6	-2.3	9.2	10.1	46.5	44.2	1.6
Canada	70.9	69.9	61.0	-0.1	19.7	21.0	46.9	47.0	1.1
Cayman Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Central African Republic	82.5	81.6	65.7	-0.1	1.7	1.9	46.7	47.6	1.5
Chad	72.8	70.7	50.5	-0.8	4.6	5.5	41.4	40.8	3.0
Channel Islands	67.1	65.1	51.3	0.1	0.1	0.1	44.1	45.1	0.2
Chile	74.2	68.8	50.2	-1.2	9.0	9.2	40.9	40.9	0.4
China	75.9	72.9	62.6	-0.4	781.1	781.2	44.6	45.1	0.0
Hong Kong SAR, China	68.1	65.0	54.2	-0.2	3.9	3.9	49.3	50.8	-0.1
Macao SAR, China	76.5	75.3	66.1	-0.4	0.4	0.4	49.8	50.6	0.4
Colombia	79.3	77.5	55.3	-1.1	23.8	25.9	42.1	41.0	1.4
Comoros	57.0	59.1	33.9	3.2	0.2	0.3	37.8	41.0	4.1
Congo, Dem. Rep.	69.7	69.3	62.4	0.0	28.9	35.2	48.0	48.1	3.3
Congo, Rep.	69.7	68.7	66.6	-0.2	2.0	2.3	49.1	49.3	2.3
Costa Rica	76.0	73.7	50.1	0.1	2.3	2.5	40.6	41.5	1.0
Cote d'Ivoire	74.3	74.4	59.2	-0.3	9.8	11.4	43.1	42.7	2.6
Croatia	59.2	58.8	46.7	-0.4	1.9	1.7	46.5	46.1	-1.3
Cuba	67.1	63.3	43.4	-1.2	5.2	4.8	40.0	39.9	-1.1
Curacao	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Cyprus	69.2	73.4	59.1	0.1	0.7	0.7	45.8	44.6	1.9
Czechia	68.0	67.7	51.2	0.1	5.3	5.2	44.1	44.3	-0.2
Denmark	66.1	67.3	56.8	0.4	2.9	3.1	46.9	46.9	1.0
Djibouti	47.9	44.8	17.9	0.3	0.2	0.2	27.8	29.6	1.7
Dominica	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Dominican Republic	76.2	75.6	48.2	1.0	4.6	5.1	39.3	41.0	1.8
Ecuador	79.7	77.2	51.9	0.3	7.6	8.5	39.9	41.2	1.9
Egypt, Arab Rep.	71.0	70.2	22.8	-6.3	30.9	31.9	24.2	18.1	0.5
El Salvador	74.6	75.5	45.1	0.0	2.6	2.7	41.4	41.2	0.9
Equatorial Guinea	67.2	64.1	53.5	-0.6	0.5	0.6	40.3	40.3	2.6
Eritrea	85.5	83.5	72.9	-0.2	1.4	1.6	47.7	47.7	1.6
Estonia	69.0	69.4	55.7	0.6	0.7	0.7	48.7	48.8	0.5
Eswatini	56.1	51.4	46.9	-0.5	0.4	0.4	47.7	48.4	0.6
Ethiopia	85.9	79.1	70.1	-3.3	46.3	50.0	45.3	42.5	1.3
Faroe Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Fiji	76.7	76.1	40.0	-0.7	0.4	0.4	34.5	34.1	0.0
Finland	62.3	63.7	55.4	0.2	2.7	2.8	48.2	47.6	0.6
France	60.7	59.8	51.0	0.2	30.3	31.2	47.8	48.4	0.5
French Polynesia	62.9	60.0	48.9	-0.5	0.1	0.1	43.7	43.8	0.2
Gabon	58.9	57.0	41.3	-0.6	0.7	0.7	39.8	39.9	1.9
Gambia, The	51.6	50.6	44.8	0.1	0.6	0.7	47.3	47.9	2.9
Georgia	80.4	70.1	59.1	-1.8	2.1	1.8	46.9	47.7	-2.5
Germany	66.3	66.0	54.4	0.2	42.7	43.3	46.2	46.4	0.2
Ghana	73.5	65.9	65.1	-0.7	12.2	13.2	47.4	49.0	1.3
Greece	59.0	58.0	44.0	-0.3	4.7	4.6	44.9	44.7	-0.6
Greenland	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Grenada	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Guam	68.5	67.0	56.3	-0.3	0.1	0.1	44.2	44.7	-0.4
Guatemala	83.6	78.9	38.4	-0.3	6.2	6.8	32.3	33.2	1.7
Guinea	64.9	63.9	47.2	-1.9	3.7	4.2	44.2	41.2	2.0
Guinea-Bissau	70.8	69.1	56.2	0.0	0.7	0.8	46.0	46.4	2.8
Guyana	69.6	62.4	41.5	-0.6	0.3	0.3	38.9	41.1	0.1
Haiti	70.1	69.2	61.8	0.0	4.6	5.0	47.5	48.1	1.7
Honduras	81.6	75.6	46.6	1.1	3.9	4.4	36.3	39.7	2.2
Hungary	63.3	66.9	49.9	0.8	4.7	4.9	47.0	46.5	0.6
Iceland	80.4	77.5	72.7	-0.8	0.2	0.2	47.5	46.0	1.6
India	78.0	76.0	26.6	0.7	500.8	550.4	24.4	25.7	1.6
Indonesia	82.5	79.7	50.8	0.4	127.3	135.7	38.3	39.6	1.1
Iran, Islamic Rep.	68.6	68.2	14.4	-1.6	26.5	27.8	16.8	15.7	0.8
Iraq	72.9	69.1	14.2	-4.4	9.6	10.6	16.7	13.9	1.6
Ireland	69.0	69.5	54.8	0.9	2.3	2.6	45.2	46.4	2.2
Isle of Man	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Israel	71.2	67.1	60.1	-0.1	3.9	4.3	46.9	48.0	1.4
Italy	58.6	57.6	39.4	0.2	25.3	25.0	42.1	42.5	-0.2
Jamaica	72.7	73.2	58.5	0.0	1.4	1.5	45.4	45.2	1.0
Japan	70.2	71.3	49.4	1.3	65.9	68.7	42.8	44.4	0.7
Jordan	59.3	61.4	13.6	0.4	2.3	2.9	17.1	17.3	3.5
Kazakhstan	78.0	77.1	68.0	-0.2	9.5	10.0	49.9	49.0	0.9
Kenya	77.3	72.4	71.4	-2.2	20.3	22.0	48.5	47.0	1.4
Kiribati	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea, Dem. People's Rep.	86.7	85.4	77.5	-0.2	16.8	17.2	48.6	48.4	0.4
Korea, Rep.	72.8	71.6	52.4	0.4	27.5	28.6	41.9	43.1	0.6
Kosovo	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Kuwait	87.2	83.8	49.6	-0.9	2.2	2.4	27.2	25.0	2.0
Kyrgyz Republic	76.1	78.1	54.7	-0.7	2.7	3.0	42.7	41.6	1.7
Lao PDR	63.9	68.5	56.2	1.1	2.7	3.3	46.8	46.8	3.2
Latvia	67.4	67.2	54.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	49.6	49.4	-1.0
Lebanon	68.6	65.9	26.1	0.9	2.3	1.9	28.2	31.7	-2.9
Lesotho	71.8	66.3	54.5	-2.0	0.8	0.8	45.5	44.4	-0.1
Liberia	82.2	81.1	71.9	-0.1	2.1	2.4	47.5	47.6	2.3
Libya	64.1	63.8	34.1	-0.2	2.2	2.5	33.8	34.0	1.8
Liechtenstein	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Lithuania	64.9	68.0	54.4	0.9	1.5	1.5	50.5	49.5	0.2
Luxembourg	65.5	66.0	54.2	0.8	0.3	0.3	45.4	46.1	2.5
Madagascar	88.9	87.4	83.2	-0.1	12.7	15.1	48.5	48.8	2.9
Malawi	74.4	71.0	65.2	-0.5	6.5	7.7	48.9	49.3	2.9
Malaysia	78.2	78.4	50.8	0.2	15.1	17.2	37.1	37.0	2.2
Maldives	69.3	76.9	39.6	0.7	0.2	0.3	27.0	22.9	5.4
Mali	79.8	79.1	61.2	-1.0	6.8	8.1	43.0	41.7	2.9
Malta	68.3	71.5	43.0	3.6	0.2	0.3	38.7	40.8	4.8
Marshall Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Mauritania	59.0	56.7	26.7	-0.3	0.9	1.1	33.2	33.6	2.6
Mauritius	74.3	65.0	46.4	-2.1	0.6	0.6	38.3	38.4	-1.5
Mexico	78.6	76.7	43.9	0.3	52.8	56.9	37.7	38.9	1.2
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Moldova	71.2	74.8	69.4	0.3	1.6	1.5	53.8	53.7	-1.3
Monaco	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Mongolia	66.2	68.4	53.4	-0.4	1.3	1.4	45.6	44.1	1.2
Montenegro	59.3	55.5	46.1	-1.8	0.3	0.2	46.3	45.4	-1.4
Morocco	70.5	69.7	24.4	-2.7	11.8	12.3	25.6	22.8	0.6
Mozambique	80.1	78.9	78.1	-0.1	11.4	13.6	52.7	52.6	3.0
Myanmar	79.0	69.7	50.8	-3.6	24.3	22.1	39.7	37.7	-1.6
Namibia	65.3	61.9	56.4	-0.4	0.9	1.0	48.5	48.8	1.9
Nepal	55.3	53.4	27.0	0.2	7.5	8.2	35.7	36.5	1.6
Netherlands	72.3	71.2	60.8	0.3	9.4	9.8	46.5	47.1	0.8
New Caledonia	67.7	62.3	57.8	-1.4	0.1	0.1	46.5	47.1	-0.8
New Zealand	74.2	75.3	62.9	0.7	2.5	2.9	47.1	47.3	2.4
Nicaragua	83.0	82.6	48.4	0.2	2.7	3.0	38.3	38.7	1.9
Niger	84.8	84.1	61.8	-0.4	7.4	9.3	41.5	41.0	3.7
Nigeria	85.0	85.7	76.9	0.0	86.0	102.5	47.3	47.0	2.9
North Macedonia	66.4	63.1	42.3	-0.6	0.8	0.8	40.3	41.1	-1.3
Northern Mariana Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Norway	68.9	69.3	62.7	-0.3	2.8	2.9	47.5	46.8	0.8
Oman	87.4	84.9	29.7	-0.2	2.3	2.2	13.4	15.8	-0.8
Pakistan	78.9	80.1	24.0	0.3	69.2	78.8	22.6	22.7	2.2
Palau	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Panama	80.0	76.9	51.5	-0.9	1.9	2.0	39.5	39.2	1.2
Papua New Guinea	50.6	52.4	48.7	0.5	2.8	3.4	47.4	47.6	3.3
Paraguay	81.0	84.1	54.8	1.5	2.9	3.4	40.4	41.8	2.6
Peru	84.3	79.2	67.7	-0.7	16.8	17.9	45.0	45.6	1.1
Philippines	74.4	69.0	48.7	-1.6	43.0	44.7	40.1	39.6	0.7
Poland	65.2	66.7	49.1	0.5	18.3	18.2	44.9	45.1	-0.1
Portugal	64.0	61.8	53.7	-0.1	5.2	5.2	48.8	49.3	-0.1
Puerto Rico	49.2	48.3	31.9	-0.1	1.2	1.1	42.3	43.0	-0.9
Qatar	95.5	94.7	56.0	1.3	1.8	1.8	13.4	17.1	0.6
Romania	60.8	63.0	42.7	0.0	8.6	8.4	43.3	42.4	-0.3
Russian Federation	71.4	70.2	55.6	-0.1	75.5	73.8	48.4	48.6	-0.4
Rwanda	67.5	64.4	54.6	-0.6	4.2	4.8	47.3	47.2	2.3
Samoa	67.8	57.6	41.5	-3.5	0.1	0.1	37.5	37.2	-2.3
San Marino	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Sao Tome and Principe	25.3	23.6	22.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	47.8	49.7	1.9
Saudi Arabia	79.1	80.0	21.6	7.6	13.3	14.6	12.2	19.4	1.5
Senegal	57.3	64.0	34.1	1.6	3.8	5.3	38.0	36.9	5.3
Serbia	60.1	64.9	43.3	2.2	3.1	3.3	44.7	46.0	1.1
Seychelles	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Sierra Leone	57.3	55.6	55.1	-1.1	2.3	2.6	49.7	48.5	2.2
Singapore	77.0	76.5	61.3	0.8	3.4	3.4	42.0	44.0	0.1
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Slovak Republic	67.9	66.2	51.9	0.8	2.7	2.8	45.0	46.8	0.1
Slovenia	63.1	63.3	52.3	0.4	1.0	1.0	46.1	45.8	0.5
Solomon Islands	86.2	85.2	82.5	-0.1	0.3	0.4	48.0	48.1	3.3
Somalia	47.7	46.8	21.0	0.0	2.5	3.1	31.0	31.3	3.7
South Africa	65.0	62.4	51.0	-0.5	23.5	25.2	46.3	46.3	1.2
South Sudan	75.9	75.8	71.7	-0.1	4.7	4.7	50.0	50.3	0.0
Spain	64.9	62.7	52.6	-0.1	23.1	23.5	45.9	46.8	0.2
Sri Lanka	73.7	70.1	35.3	-2.0	8.5	8.5	34.4	32.9	0.0
St. Kitts and Nevis	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
St. Lucia	75.2	70.8	63.5	-0.8	0.1	0.1	46.3	46.8	-0.1
St. Martin (French part)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	75.6	73.7	53.8	0.2	0.1	0.1	40.0	41.3	-0.5
Sudan	66.8	61.6	23.3	-6.6	10.1	10.8	26.7	21.1	1.1
Suriname	66.7	64.0	44.4	-0.1	0.2	0.2	39.8	41.1	1.0
Sweden	67.3	67.8	60.6	0.1	5.2	5.5	47.6	47.2	1.1
Switzerland	74.3	72.8	62.4	0.0	4.8	5.0	46.5	46.8	0.6
Syrian Arab Republic	62.8	62.7	12.6	0.9	4.3	5.4	17.0	17.9	3.8
Tajikistan	53.5	51.2	32.2	-0.3	2.3	2.6	39.6	39.8	1.8
Tanzania	88.0	87.1	80.1	0.0	24.2	29.9	49.0	49.1	3.5
Thailand	77.9	75.3	61.1	-0.5	40.0	40.4	45.3	45.6	0.2
Timor-Leste	72.4	70.9	61.3	-0.3	0.5	0.6	45.5	45.7	2.5
Togo	60.6	59.7	55.7	0.0	2.6	3.0	47.8	48.1	2.6
Tonga	67.8	65.5	43.1	-0.3	0.0	0.0	40.4	43.0	-0.4
Trinidad and Tobago	74.6	66.7	52.0	-1.0	0.7	0.6	42.0	43.2	-1.1
Tunisia	69.7	66.6	26.1	0.8	4.1	4.2	27.9	30.1	0.5
Turkiye	71.4	70.2	31.4	0.7	30.6	33.5	30.8	32.1	1.5
Turkmenistan	47.4	45.6	49.0	-0.4	2.1	2.3	52.8	53.2	1.2
Turks and Caicos Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Tuvalu	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Uganda	77.0	84.0	73.1	0.3	14.6	20.1	49.9	48.1	5.3
Ukraine	63.3	62.8	50.4	-0.9	21.9	20.5	48.6	47.4	-1.1
United Arab Emirates	92.1	90.2	48.2	0.8	5.5	6.2	19.9	21.7	1.8
United Kingdom	68.1	66.1	56.7	0.4	33.3	34.1	46.9	48.0	0.4
United States	68.6	67.4	55.9	-0.1	161.9	167.2	45.1	45.2	0.5
Uruguay	74.4	70.4	56.3	-0.1	1.7	1.7	45.3	46.5	0.0
Uzbekistan	73.3	72.8	40.6	-0.4	12.5	13.4	35.7	35.4	1.1
Vanuatu	66.6	61.8	55.7	-0.5	0.1	0.1	45.1	46.7	1.3
Venezuela, RB	75.6	64.7	48.3	-3.1	13.5	10.7	39.9	39.4	-3.9
Viet Nam	82.4	78.7	72.9	-0.9	54.6	55.3	49.1	48.5	0.2
Virgin Islands (U.S.)	64.4	58.0	53.5	-1.3	0.1	0.0	48.2	48.6	-1.2
West Bank and Gaza	70.8	70.2	18.0	-0.4	1.1	1.3	20.8	20.6	2.4
Yemen, Rep.	58.5	59.5	5.2	-0.6	5.8	7.1	8.1	7.7	3.2
Zambia	66.1	66.3	51.9	0.7	5.3	6.7	45.0	45.8	4.0
Zimbabwe	73.2	71.7	60.5	-0.1	5.4	6.0	50.2	50.1	1.9
World	74.8	73.0	48.6	-0.2	3,365.2	3,561.0	39.5	39.8	0.9
East Asia & Pacific	76.4	73.7	59.7	-0.3	1,247.5	1,267.1	43.8	44.3	0.3
Europe & Central Asia	66.5	65.9	50.5	0.0	433.3	439.1	45.3	45.5	0.2
Latin America & Caribbean	76.7	74.1	50.8	-0.2	291.4	306.6	41.0	41.7	0.9
Middle East & North Africa	73.4	72.6	21.1	-1.1	221.0	240.9	21.0	20.3	1.4
North America	68.9	67.6	56.5	-0.1	181.6	188.2	45.3	45.4	0.6
South Asia	77.9	76.0	27.5	1.1	579.2	640.5	25.3	27.0	1.7
Sub-Saharan Africa	76.8	75.0	64.8	-0.7	411.2	478.5	46.6	45.9	2.5
Low income	73.0	71.1	53.1	-0.8	172.4	201.4	43.0	42.4	2.6
Lower middle income	77.5	75.9	37.4	0.2	1,073.0	1,188.5	32.1	32.8	1.7
Upper middle income	75.6	73.1	55.0	-0.3	1,372.5	1,405.3	42.2	42.6	0.4
High income	68.5	67.8	52.7	0.3	687.4	705.2	44.3	44.9	0.4

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