World Development Indicators

Labor force structure
Labor force participation rate				Labor force (ages 15 and older)				Labor force growth (%)
Male		female		Total		female
% ages 15 and older		% ages 15 and older		millions		% of labor force
2015	2021	2015	2015-21	2015	2021	2015	2021	2015-21

Afghanistan	75.3	66.7	19.1	..	8.6	9.1	20.2	19.8	..
Albania	64.1	66.1	47.0	1.6	1.3	1.4	42.5	44.1	0.9
Algeria	66.3	63.4	16.2	-0.3	11.7	12.3	19.0	19.5	0.8
American Samoa	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Andorra	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Angola	79.9	78.6	74.9	-0.1	11.8	14.5	49.7	49.9	3.4
Antigua and Barbuda	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Argentina	71.5	70.9	47.5	0.9	19.2	21.2	41.0	42.5	1.6
Armenia	69.3	68.6	55.7	0.6	1.4	1.4	50.7	52.7	-0.5
Aruba	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Australia	71.1	70.6	59.1	0.6	12.6	13.8	46.1	47.2	1.6
Austria	66.4	66.7	55.4	0.2	4.5	4.7	46.8	46.8	0.7
Azerbaijan	66.1	69.4	61.0	0.8	4.6	5.1	50.0	49.9	1.8
Bahamas, The	81.3	78.1	66.7	-0.5	0.2	0.2	47.5	48.1	0.8
Bahrain	86.2	85.9	43.0	0.1	0.8	0.8	21.5	21.4	1.2
Bangladesh	80.4	80.2	32.8	2.0	62.0	72.5	29.6	32.4	2.6
Barbados	67.5	64.1	60.8	-0.9	0.1	0.1	50.3	50.0	-0.4
Belarus	70.3	70.0	58.2	-0.1	5.0	4.9	50.0	50.1	-0.4
Belgium	58.9	59.1	48.0	0.7	5.0	5.3	46.1	46.8	0.9
Belize	80.0	79.5	48.6	0.2	0.2	0.2	37.8	38.2	2.6
Benin	71.5	68.7	62.2	-1.8	4.2	4.6	47.1	45.2	1.9
Bermuda	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Bhutan	70.1	68.3	55.1	-0.7	0.3	0.4	40.3	40.4	1.1
Bolivia	79.5	78.6	54.6	0.9	5.0	5.7	40.7	42.5	2.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	57.8	60.6	35.4	1.9	1.4	1.4	39.4	40.6	0.0
Botswana	68.0	69.7	56.0	0.9	0.9	1.1	46.6	47.2	2.9
Brazil	75.1	72.4	52.9	-0.3	101.3	105.4	42.6	43.1	0.7
Brunei Darussalam	71.1	72.4	56.3	-0.4	0.2	0.2	42.3	41.5	1.3
Bulgaria	60.0	62.0	48.6	0.2	3.3	3.3	46.7	46.1	-0.3
Burkina Faso	73.8	72.9	57.7	0.1	6.7	8.1	45.0	45.2	3.2
Burundi	77.8	77.5	80.7	0.0	4.5	5.3	51.9	51.9	2.7
Cabo Verde	67.6	61.9	50.9	-0.7	0.2	0.2	43.6	44.7	0.5
Cambodia	78.4	82.2	65.0	1.1	7.6	8.9	46.6	47.1	2.6
Cameroon	77.2	75.8	67.0	0.0	9.4	11.2	47.0	47.4	2.8
Canada	70.6	69.6	61.2	-0.2	19.7	21.0	47.1	47.1	1.1
Cayman Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Central African Republic	78.8	77.4	63.0	0.1	1.7	2.0	44.7	45.4	2.1
Chad	72.8	70.6	50.5	-0.8	4.5	5.3	41.3	40.8	2.9
Channel Islands	67.4	65.5	51.6	0.0	0.1	0.1	44.5	44.7	0.8
Chile	71.7	68.3	48.4	-0.8	8.6	9.1	41.0	41.0	1.0
China	75.8	72.8	62.7	-0.4	780.7	780.4	44.7	45.2	0.0
Hong Kong SAR, China	68.8	65.7	54.7	-0.2	3.9	3.9	48.7	49.9	-0.3
Macao SAR, China	76.0	74.8	65.9	-0.4	0.4	0.4	49.5	50.1	1.1
Colombia	81.4	77.6	58.1	-1.9	24.8	26.0	42.7	41.1	0.8
Comoros	56.2	54.7	32.8	0.1	0.2	0.2	37.2	37.6	2.2
Congo, Dem. Rep.	69.7	69.1	62.5	0.0	27.9	33.7	48.1	48.3	3.2
Congo, Rep.	69.3	68.1	66.7	-0.1	2.0	2.3	49.5	49.8	2.3
Costa Rica	75.8	73.5	49.9	0.1	2.4	2.5	39.8	40.8	1.0
Cote d'Ivoire	74.6	72.6	54.7	0.6	8.6	10.4	41.6	43.2	3.1
Croatia	59.1	58.3	46.9	-0.4	1.9	1.7	46.3	45.7	-1.5
Cuba	70.0	66.9	42.4	-1.0	5.3	5.0	38.2	38.0	-0.8
Curacao	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Cyprus	67.1	70.0	57.5	0.0	0.6	0.7	46.3	45.3	1.2
Czechia	68.0	68.0	51.2	0.2	5.3	5.3	44.2	44.4	-0.1
Denmark	66.0	67.1	56.7	0.4	2.9	3.1	46.9	46.9	1.0
Djibouti	47.3	44.8	18.0	0.0	0.2	0.2	28.1	29.2	1.7
Dominica	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Dominican Republic	75.9	75.4	48.0	1.0	4.6	5.1	38.6	40.4	1.8
Ecuador	79.7	78.1	51.9	0.6	7.5	8.7	39.8	41.2	2.3
Egypt, Arab Rep.	70.8	67.7	22.8	-7.4	30.5	30.2	24.1	17.6	-0.2
El Salvador	74.5	73.3	45.0	-0.3	2.6	2.7	41.2	41.2	0.5
Equatorial Guinea	59.8	57.9	51.2	-0.3	0.5	0.5	42.2	42.2	2.8
Eritrea	86.2	84.2	71.4	-0.3	1.5	1.7	46.9	46.9	1.7
Estonia	69.0	69.4	55.7	0.6	0.7	0.7	48.7	48.8	0.5
Eswatini	56.1	53.9	46.8	0.0	0.4	0.4	46.8	47.2	1.2
Ethiopia	87.6	86.1	74.4	0.1	47.7	58.1	46.1	46.7	3.3
Faroe Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Fiji	76.4	75.1	39.9	-0.9	0.4	0.4	34.1	33.6	-0.1
Finland	62.4	63.0	55.6	0.0	2.7	2.8	48.3	47.8	0.5
France	60.8	59.8	51.6	0.2	30.5	31.3	48.1	48.8	0.4
French Polynesia	63.3	62.4	49.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	43.0	43.9	1.1
Gabon	56.4	55.2	39.8	-0.7	0.6	0.7	39.9	39.7	2.0
Gambia, The	67.1	65.4	53.1	1.0	0.7	0.9	45.3	47.2	3.5
Georgia	80.3	73.5	59.0	-1.0	2.1	1.9	46.3	47.3	-1.7
Germany	65.9	65.8	54.7	0.2	42.7	43.4	46.4	46.7	0.3
Ghana	73.5	72.3	65.1	0.0	12.2	14.1	47.5	47.9	2.4
Greece	59.0	57.2	44.9	-0.4	4.8	4.6	44.5	44.8	-0.6
Greenland	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Grenada	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Guam	68.6	68.3	56.5	-0.1	0.1	0.1	44.7	45.2	0.3
Guatemala	83.7	80.5	38.5	-1.0	6.0	6.6	32.4	32.0	1.6
Guinea	64.9	63.7	47.2	-2.1	3.7	4.1	44.2	41.0	1.9
Guinea-Bissau	64.1	62.9	48.7	0.0	0.6	0.7	45.0	45.1	2.8
Guyana	69.2	61.3	40.9	-0.5	0.3	0.3	38.5	41.0	-0.1
Haiti	70.0	69.0	62.0	-0.1	4.6	5.1	47.7	48.1	1.6
Honduras	81.5	75.9	46.5	0.6	3.9	4.4	36.1	38.6	2.0
Hungary	63.0	67.0	47.0	1.8	4.6	4.9	45.6	46.5	1.2
Iceland	81.1	77.5	73.2	-1.0	0.2	0.2	47.4	45.9	1.5
India	75.9	72.7	23.7	-0.5	476.7	507.7	22.8	23.0	1.1
Indonesia	82.4	79.7	50.7	0.4	126.1	134.4	38.1	39.5	1.1
Iran, Islamic Rep.	67.9	68.7	14.3	0.7	25.9	28.1	17.0	17.6	1.4
Iraq	73.0	69.2	14.2	-4.4	9.7	10.7	16.8	13.9	1.6
Ireland	69.1	68.9	54.9	0.9	2.3	2.6	45.2	46.5	1.8
Isle of Man	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Israel	69.3	66.5	59.1	0.1	3.9	4.2	47.0	47.9	1.5
Italy	58.9	57.6	39.8	0.1	25.7	25.1	42.2	42.6	-0.4
Jamaica	72.9	74.3	58.8	0.5	1.4	1.5	45.3	45.5	1.2
Japan	70.3	71.3	49.4	1.3	66.1	68.9	43.0	44.6	0.7
Jordan	59.2	62.5	13.6	1.1	2.3	3.0	17.0	17.5	4.1
Kazakhstan	75.2	75.0	66.2	-0.4	9.0	9.3	50.3	49.6	0.5
Kenya	77.3	75.6	71.4	0.2	20.3	24.1	48.7	49.6	2.8
Kiribati	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea, Dem. People's Rep.	80.2	79.6	69.3	0.0	15.1	15.7	47.8	47.6	0.6
Korea, Rep.	74.1	72.6	52.3	0.4	27.8	28.8	41.5	42.7	0.6
Kosovo	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Kuwait	87.3	84.5	49.6	-1.1	2.2	2.4	26.2	24.6	0.9
Kyrgyz Republic	75.7	74.4	50.0	-1.7	2.5	2.6	41.6	39.5	0.6
Lao PDR	64.0	62.4	56.3	-0.2	2.7	3.0	46.6	46.9	1.7
Latvia	67.4	67.3	54.1	0.1	1.0	1.0	49.6	49.3	-0.9
Lebanon	68.7	66.1	26.1	1.0	2.3	1.9	28.3	31.8	-3.3
Lesotho	73.1	71.4	57.3	-0.1	0.9	1.0	45.1	45.4	1.3
Liberia	82.3	80.7	71.9	0.0	2.0	2.3	47.7	48.0	2.3
Libya	61.1	60.0	33.9	0.0	2.0	2.3	35.2	35.8	1.8
Liechtenstein	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Lithuania	64.8	68.1	54.4	0.9	1.5	1.5	50.1	49.6	0.1
Luxembourg	65.4	65.7	54.6	1.1	0.3	0.3	45.6	46.8	2.6
Madagascar	89.0	87.5	83.3	-0.1	12.6	14.9	48.5	48.8	2.9
Malawi	74.4	72.6	65.2	-0.5	6.4	7.6	49.2	48.9	3.1
Malaysia	78.1	78.2	50.7	0.5	15.0	16.9	38.1	39.0	2.0
Maldives	69.9	77.2	40.0	0.5	0.2	0.3	28.4	26.8	4.6
Mali	79.7	80.6	61.2	-2.4	6.6	7.7	43.0	39.2	2.5
Malta	67.8	71.4	42.8	3.5	0.2	0.3	38.4	40.5	4.6
Marshall Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Mauritania	59.0	56.3	26.7	-0.3	0.9	1.1	33.1	33.6	2.5
Mauritius	73.9	71.5	45.9	-0.2	0.6	0.6	39.0	39.7	0.2
Mexico	78.7	76.7	43.7	0.2	52.7	57.0	37.3	38.3	1.3
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Moldova	48.2	46.5	41.2	-2.1	1.0	0.9	49.2	47.2	-3.0
Monaco	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Mongolia	66.0	66.6	53.9	-0.9	1.3	1.3	45.8	44.6	0.9
Montenegro	60.2	62.9	47.7	0.2	0.3	0.3	46.1	45.5	0.5
Morocco	70.6	69.8	24.4	-2.7	11.9	12.3	25.7	22.9	0.6
Mozambique	80.1	78.5	78.1	-0.1	11.7	14.1	51.4	51.6	3.2
Myanmar	79.0	76.0	50.8	..	24.5	24.1	39.8	37.7	..
Namibia	65.4	62.1	56.4	-0.4	0.9	0.9	48.7	49.6	1.1
Nepal	55.3	52.8	26.3	1.2	7.3	8.4	35.7	38.1	2.4
Netherlands	70.1	69.9	58.8	0.5	9.1	9.7	46.3	47.0	1.0
New Caledonia	67.7	61.6	57.8	-1.5	0.1	0.1	46.1	46.9	-1.1
New Zealand	74.5	75.6	63.4	0.7	2.5	2.9	47.5	47.5	2.5
Nicaragua	82.9	83.1	48.3	0.1	2.8	3.1	38.1	38.1	2.0
Niger	84.7	83.7	62.1	-0.1	7.5	9.4	41.7	41.8	3.7
Nigeria	61.2	65.1	51.7	-0.1	57.9	70.6	45.6	43.8	3.3
North Macedonia	67.5	65.5	43.5	-0.2	1.0	0.9	39.6	40.1	-0.2
Northern Mariana Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Norway	68.4	68.0	61.4	0.0	2.8	2.9	47.1	47.2	0.9
Oman	87.4	84.8	29.8	0.0	2.3	2.2	13.4	16.0	-0.7
Pakistan	78.9	80.8	24.0	0.4	67.6	76.9	22.6	23.3	2.2
Palau	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Panama	77.5	75.8	50.0	1.1	1.8	2.1	39.5	41.7	2.2
Papua New Guinea	48.4	47.7	46.9	-0.2	2.6	3.1	47.5	47.8	2.6
Paraguay	81.1	84.1	54.8	1.5	2.9	3.4	40.4	41.8	2.7
Peru	84.4	79.2	67.7	-0.7	16.7	17.9	45.4	46.0	1.1
Philippines	74.2	69.1	48.5	-1.5	42.6	44.9	39.4	38.7	0.9
Poland	65.1	66.4	49.1	0.4	18.3	18.5	45.1	45.3	0.2
Portugal	64.1	62.4	53.7	0.0	5.2	5.2	48.8	49.7	-0.1
Puerto Rico	49.2	50.9	31.9	-0.5	1.2	1.1	42.3	41.1	-0.3
Qatar	95.6	96.4	56.3	1.0	1.8	2.0	13.4	15.9	1.5
Romania	64.6	61.9	45.3	-1.6	9.1	8.2	43.3	42.0	-1.8
Russian Federation	71.3	70.4	55.6	-0.1	75.1	73.4	48.4	48.6	-0.4
Rwanda	67.3	62.7	54.6	-1.6	4.2	4.6	47.2	46.2	1.7
Samoa	66.9	66.2	41.2	-0.1	0.1	0.1	37.3	37.8	1.2
San Marino	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Sao Tome and Principe	71.6	69.8	37.5	0.0	0.1	0.1	34.6	35.3	2.1
Saudi Arabia	79.9	79.9	22.2	3.7	13.4	15.7	15.8	18.7	2.6
Senegal	57.7	64.7	34.3	1.7	3.7	5.0	39.2	38.7	5.0
Serbia	60.8	64.9	43.3	1.7	3.1	3.3	44.2	45.2	0.8
Seychelles	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Sierra Leone	57.3	55.4	55.1	-1.3	2.4	2.7	49.3	48.1	2.1
Singapore	79.2	77.6	62.3	0.5	3.4	3.4	41.7	42.9	-0.1
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Slovak Republic	67.9	66.5	51.9	1.0	2.7	2.8	45.0	47.0	0.2
Slovenia	62.9	62.9	51.9	0.7	1.0	1.0	45.9	46.2	0.6
Solomon Islands	85.8	85.4	82.5	0.0	0.3	0.4	48.4	48.5	2.7
Somalia	47.9	46.8	20.9	0.2	2.5	3.0	30.7	31.4	3.6
South Africa	65.0	62.5	51.0	-0.4	23.1	23.6	46.2	46.5	0.4
South Sudan	71.8	70.5	69.9	0.1	4.5	4.2	50.8	51.3	-1.2
Spain	64.6	62.5	52.6	0.0	23.0	23.4	46.2	47.1	0.2
Sri Lanka	73.8	71.8	35.4	-0.7	8.4	8.8	34.5	34.5	0.7
St. Kitts and Nevis	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
St. Lucia	75.7	73.4	64.0	0.0	0.1	0.1	46.4	47.3	0.6
St. Martin (French part)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	75.5	72.9	53.9	-0.2	0.1	0.1	40.4	41.1	-0.5
Sudan	69.3	68.4	28.4	0.4	10.8	13.0	29.5	30.2	3.2
Suriname	66.8	64.6	44.4	0.0	0.2	0.2	40.2	41.4	1.2
Sweden	67.3	67.8	60.6	0.1	5.2	5.5	47.6	47.2	1.1
Switzerland	74.2	72.7	62.3	0.0	4.8	5.0	46.5	46.8	0.6
Syrian Arab Republic	72.5	71.7	15.9	0.5	5.0	6.3	18.2	18.9	3.8
Tajikistan	53.1	51.1	31.9	-0.3	2.3	2.6	37.9	38.2	1.8
Tanzania	88.1	86.1	80.1	-0.5	24.3	29.3	49.3	48.9	3.1
Thailand	77.9	75.2	61.1	-0.5	40.2	40.3	45.6	46.0	0.1
Timor-Leste	72.7	71.8	61.5	-0.2	0.5	0.6	45.3	45.2	2.3
Togo	60.9	59.3	55.6	0.1	2.5	3.0	47.7	48.4	2.6
Tonga	66.8	65.1	42.8	-0.2	0.0	0.0	40.2	41.1	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	70.9	62.5	49.5	-1.1	0.7	0.7	42.2	43.6	-0.7
Tunisia	68.9	65.8	26.1	-0.3	4.1	4.2	28.3	29.1	0.2
Turkiye	71.3	70.1	31.3	0.8	30.8	33.3	30.7	32.0	1.3
Turkmenistan	46.2	44.9	48.4	-0.3	1.9	2.0	52.5	52.6	1.0
Turks and Caicos Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Tuvalu	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Uganda	73.9	71.8	66.7	0.2	13.6	17.5	48.8	49.6	4.2
Ukraine	63.4	62.9	50.4	-0.9	21.6	20.3	48.9	47.8	-1.0
United Arab Emirates	91.4	92.0	49.4	1.1	6.2	6.5	15.8	17.7	0.8
United Kingdom	68.5	66.2	57.2	0.3	33.6	34.5	46.6	47.9	0.4
United States	68.4	67.0	56.0	-0.1	160.6	166.1	46.0	46.1	0.6
Uruguay	74.4	70.5	56.3	-0.1	1.7	1.7	45.5	46.6	0.0
Uzbekistan	72.9	73.3	41.3	-0.6	12.7	13.7	36.7	35.8	1.3
Vanuatu	78.5	77.8	60.7	-0.1	0.1	0.1	44.1	44.2	2.2
Venezuela, RB	75.6	64.9	48.3	-3.4	13.5	10.5	39.8	38.9	-4.1
Vietnam	82.2	77.9	72.5	-1.0	54.5	55.0	48.4	48.2	0.2
Virgin Islands (U.S.)	69.4	64.8	49.2	-1.8	0.1	0.0	44.7	44.6	-1.8
West Bank and Gaza	70.8	70.0	18.0	-0.5	1.1	1.3	20.8	20.5	2.6
Yemen, Rep.	67.8	69.9	5.9	0.0	6.2	7.5	8.0	7.8	3.4
Zambia	66.3	67.6	51.8	0.7	5.2	6.7	45.2	45.6	4.2
Zimbabwe	72.3	71.6	60.6	0.0	5.3	6.2	50.6	50.6	2.5
World	73.9	72.0	47.6	-0.2	3,304.6	3,455.5	39.3	39.6	0.7
East Asia & Pacific	76.2	73.6	59.6	-0.2	1,243.5	1,240.2	43.8	44.4	0.0
Europe & Central Asia	66.4	65.7	50.4	0.1	432.5	437.6	45.3	45.6	0.2
Latin America & Caribbean	76.6	73.9	50.7	-0.3	292.4	307.8	41.0	41.5	0.9
Middle East & North Africa	71.6	70.4	20.2	-1.7	143.6	154.1	20.6	19.4	1.2
North America	68.6	67.3	56.5	-0.1	180.3	187.1	46.1	46.3	0.6
South Asia	76.3	73.9	24.7	0.0	631.2	675.1	23.7	24.4	1.1
Sub-Saharan Africa	72.6	72.4	60.7	-0.1	381.0	453.6	46.3	46.2	2.9
Low income	75.5	74.6	59.8	0.5	229.5	262.9	45.1	46.1	2.3
Lower middle income	75.2	73.2	35.2	-0.3	1,193.4	1,272.4	31.5	31.7	1.1
Upper middle income	75.0	72.6	57.2	-0.4	1,264.3	1,285.7	43.6	44.0	0.3
High income	68.3	67.6	52.4	0.3	606.6	626.7	44.1	44.6	0.5

Help/Feedback