World Development Indicators

Science and technology
Scientific and technical journal articles	High-technology exports		Charges for the use of intellectual property		Patent applications filed		Trademark applications filed (by count)		Industrial design applications filed (by count)
Researchers				Receipts	Payments	Residents	Nonresidents	Residents	Nonresidents	Residents	Nonresidents
full-time equivalent per million people		$ millions	% of manufactured exports	$ millions	$ millions
2010-18	2018	2020	2019	2020	2020	2019	2019	2019	2019	2019	2019

Afghanistan	..	112	0	0.0	0	6	..	..	..	..	..	..
Albania	..	180	5	0.1	16	39	4	1	1,439.0	6,945.0	38.0	510.0
Algeria	819	5,231	9	1.0	1	133	113	525	9,589.0	9,161.0	1,358.0	324.0
American Samoa	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Andorra	..	4	34	28.5	..	0	3	12	1,058.0	1,494.0	..	..
Angola	19	30	78	26.4	0	130	2	108	2,604.0	1,729.0	..	..
Antigua and Barbuda	..	6	0	0.0	0	3	5	5	..	..	..	..
Argentina	1,224	8,811	546	5.2	220	1,248	442	3,260	49,081.0	15,304.0	1,052.0	997.0
Armenia	..	521	29	9.8	0	0	112	4	3,912.0	8,052.0	39.0	452.0
Aruba	..	..	2	5.0	0	10	..	..	..	..	..	..
Australia	4,532	53,610	5,598	21.3	879	3,585	2,637	27,121	78,307.0	61,779.0	3,147.0	5,710.0
Austria	5,639	12,362	15,986	11.5	1,533	1,582	2,066	208	16,533.0	9,481.0	396.0	187.0
Azerbaijan	..	761	34	5.0	..	..	147	20	3,908.0	9,367.0	139.0	822.0
Bahamas, The	..	20	6	2.0	..	6	4	48	199.0	803.0	..	..
Bahrain	369	322	171	4.4	..	..	4	322	347.0	11,938.0	7.0	55.0
Bangladesh	..	3,135	..	..	4	65	68	345	8,043.0	4,392.0	1,494.0	104.0
Barbados	..	38	25	13.7	..	..	29	31	232.0	799.0	1.0	1.0
Belarus	..	1,180	802	4.3	125	202	298	95	4,936.0	14,834.0	317.0	392.0
Belgium	5,004	15,688	34,420	14.1	4,227	3,212	876	257	..	..	..	..
Belize	..	9	0	0.0	0	6	..	32	..	..	5.0	257.0
Benin	..	228	2	2.5	0	0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Bermuda	..	..	1	6.9	0	3	..	..	..	..	..	..
Bhutan	..	53	..	..	0	0	1	17	130.0	4,377.0	4.0	8.0
Bolivia	164	103	13	3.5	6	40	59	277	3,491.0	4,713.0	16.0	43.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	471	704	212	5.3	12	14	45	14	985.0	8,921.0	84.0	650.0
Botswana	185	281	16	0.4	1	67	2	2	603.0	2,828.0	..	..
Brazil	888	60,148	5,945	14.1	634	4,062	5,464	19,932	218,764.0	27,480.0	4,226.0	2,206.0
Brunei Darussalam	..	294	16	8.1	0	12	8	133	269.0	4,194.0	1.0	169.0
Bulgaria	2,343	3,311	2,154	10.8	145	264	186	7	12,303.0	4,206.0	718.0	124.0
Burkina Faso	48	252	4	25.8	1	0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Burundi	23	21	0	1.5	0	0	2	15	29.0	291.0	2.0	2.0
Cambodia	30	146	308	1.2	9	21	1	310	2,980.0	10,853.0	16.0	280.0
Cameroon	..	876	16	7.0	2	2	..	..	..	..	..	..
Canada	4,516	59,968	25,522	16.3	7,218	13,703	4,238	32,250	91,856.0	82,431.0	734.0	6,814.0
Cabo Verde	123	9	0	0.4	0	4	1	1	91.0	193.0	4.0	7.0
Cayman Islands	..	..	..	..	19	91	..	..	..	..	..	..
Central African Republic	..	20	8	29.0	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Chad	58	15	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Channel Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Chile	523	7,122	1,364	7.5	40	1,492	438	2,799	32,915.0	14,032.0	51.0	477.0
China	1,307	528,263	757,683	30.8	8,583	37,871	1,243,568	157,093	7,582,457.0	250,553.0	691,771.0	19,846.0
Hong Kong SAR, China	4,027	..	340,122	65.6	701	1,760	346	16,186	29,179.0	47,713.0	1,481.0	3,493.0
Macao SAR, China	3,543	..	0	0.0	0	139	3	38	2,479.0	12,884.0	18.0	216.0
Colombia	88	7,195	690	9.0	123	1,123	422	1,735	28,427.0	19,529.0	331.0	337.0
Comoros	..	3	0	3.0	0	1	..	..	..	..	..	..
Congo, Dem. Rep.	11	149	17	0.8	0	0	42	90	122.0	108.0	..	..
Congo, Rep.	..	67	38	6.3	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Costa Rica	345	507	1,039	17.6	7	624	16	483	8,866.0	6,957.0	11.0	62.0
Cote d'Ivoire	..	248	142	11.2	0	11	..	..	..	..	..	..
Croatia	1,921	4,277	1,084	8.3	60	311	195	16	5,779.0	3,950.0	316.0	767.0
Cuba	..	969	..	..	..	..	27	88	3,641.0	4,321.0	21.0	3.0
Curacao	..	..	..	..	4	25	..	..	..	2,413.0	..	..
Cyprus	1,389	1,245	63	19.9	478	236	4	1	1,157.0	2,611.0	85.0	..
Czech Republic	3,863	15,577	39,603	20.7	693	1,390	765	48	20,256.0	5,196.0	837.0	237.0
Denmark	7,636	13,979	10,492	12.1	5,149	1,655	1,351	228	5,893.0	4,572.0	113.0	239.0
Djibouti	..	6	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Dominica	..	13	..	..	0	1	..	4	2.0	149.0	..	2.0
Dominican Republic	..	49	494	6.4	0	82	23	220	7,891.0	5,618.0	5.0	35.0
Ecuador	399	2,142	53	5.5	4	140	29	408	12,270.0	7,080.0	79.0	75.0
Egypt, Arab Rep.	687	13,327	344	2.3	0	297	1,027	1,156	22,997.0	14,752.0	1,720.0	1,009.0
El Salvador	71	45	236	5.1	1	98	1	147	4,857.0	3,264.0	7.0	34.0
Equatorial Guinea	..	3	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Eritrea	..	21	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Estonia	3,755	1,415	2,151	16.9	21	57	31	1	2,287.0	3,228.0	37.0	67.0
Ethiopia	91	1,994	43	9.4	0	2	6	54	1,558.0	1,434.0	..	..
Faroe Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Fiji	..	140	62	55.9	0	6	..	..	..	..	..	..
Finland	6,861	10,599	4,420	9.2	2,975	1,181	1,321	75	5,459.0	3,825.0	166.0	178.0
France	4,700	66,352	87,120	26.9	14,668	12,273	14,103	1,766	293,229.0	18,418.0	35,732.0	1,673.0
French Polynesia	..	..	5	30.8	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Gabon	..	64	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Gambia, The	53	34	0	0.0	..	..	..	16	114.0	2,096.0	..	1.0
Georgia	1,464	550	14	2.6	1	55	85	112	2,966.0	8,295.0	186.0	504.0
Germany	5,217	104,396	182,352	16.4	36,883	16,880	46,632	20,802	210,549.0	25,388.0	36,617.0	7,480.0
Ghana	89	1,276	10	1.1	46	157	12	8	858.0	4,480.0	924.0	128.0
Greece	3,487	10,907	2,006	12.5	59	320	356	238	..	..	783.0	422.0
Greenland	..	30	0	1.7	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Grenada	..	46	0	11.4	0	11	2	17	27.0	366.0	..	..
Guam	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Guatemala	13	100	300	4.9	16	260	7	231	6,977.0	5,644.0	5.0	200.0
Guinea	..	28	..	0.9	0	0	..	..	..	622.0	..	..
Guinea-Bissau	..	15	..	..	0	0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Guyana	..	14	1	0.3	0	2	2	18	204.0	622.0	..	9.0
Haiti	..	29	..	..	..	0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Honduras	35	45	13	2.0	0	62	8	187	2,676.0	4,862.0	4.0	25.0
Hungary	3,874	6,701	18,156	17.4	1,196	1,408	427	23	7,508.0	4,424.0	433.0	71.0
Iceland	6,088	681	145	38.1	382	72	47	15	1,302.0	7,772.0	16.0	401.0
India	253	135,788	21,583	10.2	1,254	7,241	19,454	34,173	322,297.0	45,471.0	9,381.0	4,342.0
Indonesia	216	26,948	6,412	8.1	84	1,530	3,093	8,388	40,758.0	45,049.0	1,798.0	870.0
Iran, Islamic Rep.	1,475	48,306	153	0.7	..	..	11,569	578	437,653.0	17,272.0	17,489.0	133.0
Iraq	111	6,073	..	..	0	5	737	106	1,832.0	10,000.0	81.0	8.0
Ireland	4,733	7,174	42,491	26.0	15,031	96,919	58	35	..	..	105.0	77.0
Isle of Man	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Israel	..	12,235	12,961	23.1	1,656	1,670	1,368	6,370	4,274.0	17,379.0	819.0	664.0
Italy	2,512	71,240	34,664	7.8	4,184	4,205	9,229	898	85,062.0	12,034.0	30,302.0	810.0
Jamaica	..	164	2	3.0	5	51	14	51	2,933.0	3,445.0	204.0	3.0
Japan	5,331	98,793	102,751	17.0	43,316	28,550	245,372	62,597	471,748.0	74,476.0	22,920.0	9,260.0
Jordan	596	2,627	79	1.4	6	25	21	290	2,730.0	4,076.0	71.0	47.0
Kazakhstan	667	2,367	2,492	29.7	1	147	803	97	11,517.0	15,955.0	83.0	170.0
Kenya	221	1,247	86	4.6	43	76	294	41	5,825.0	7,451.0	154.0	11.0
Kiribati	..	1	0	7.7	0	0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea, Dem. People's Rep.	..	87	..	..	..	..	7,377	7	..	..	..	..
Korea, Rep.	7,980	66,376	163,987	32.4	6,895	9,888	171,603	47,372	228,515.0	55,575.0	61,364.0	7,995.0
Kosovo	..	278	..	..	2	6	..	..	..	..	..	..
Kuwait	514	1,004	31	0.9	..	..	1	256	3,543.0	7,195.0	..	..
Kyrgyz Republic	..	137	28	6.7	1	6	92	1	494.0	7,105.0	18.0	324.0
Lao PDR	..	87	229	20.6	0	0	1	58	249.0	5,000.0	..	36.0
Latvia	1,792	1,418	1,838	17.2	9	31	82	5	2,068.0	3,668.0	124.0	49.0
Lebanon	..	1,776	76	3.9	19	5	..	..	..	..	..	..
Lesotho	24	19	1	0.3	0	3	1	..	29.0	2,282.0	..	..
Liberia	..	25	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Libya	..	162	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Liechtenstein	..	30	..	..	..	..	..	..	421.0	8,654.0	120.0	872.0
Lithuania	3,191	2,267	2,619	12.0	8	78	90	33	3,207.0	3,696.0	177.0	457.0
Luxembourg	4,738	869	619	6.6	1,949	5,935	117	359	..	..	..	..
North Macedonia	799	493	232	4.2	12	184	47	..	..	..	73.0	662.0
Madagascar	34	127	5	0.4	1	10	6	30	2,940.0	3,250.0	314.0	4.0
Malawi	50	231	1	7.3	..	5	3	1	499.0	668.0	..	..
Malaysia	2,185	23,661	92,108	51.4	232	2,386	1,071	6,480	22,485.0	24,219.0	574.0	1,330.0
Maldives	..	7	0	0.1	..	36	..	..	..	..	..	..
Mali	33	90	11	5.5	0	0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Malta	2,063	422	792	29.6	837	1,291	5	7	535.0	196.0	11.0	1.0
Marshall Islands	..	2	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Mauritania	..	20	1	0.0	0	0	..	..	..	..	115.0	11.0
Mauritius	474	127	20	2.1	1	13	4	23	2,565.0	2,048.0	115.0	11.0
Mexico	311	16,346	71,003	20.4	17	609	1,305	14,636	112,970.0	47,215.0	1,348.0	2,378.0
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.	..	4	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Moldova	918	210	19	3.0	2	27	85	15	3,164.0	8,167.0	451.0	723.0
Monaco	..	45	..	..	..	..	10	5	1,616.0	7,287.0	30.0	942.0
Mongolia	..	141	40	18.9	1	24	84	86	10,821.0	5,671.0	855.0	361.0
Montenegro	763	250	10	6.9	0	4	16	..	414.0	8,152.0	1.0	871.0
Morocco	1,074	5,057	857	4.9	10	152	199	2,531	17,025.0	13,187.0	3,620.0	1,617.0
Mozambique	43	139	2	1.0	0	0	23	24	1,655.0	4,043.0	40.0	37.0
Myanmar	33	231	202	2.8	17	33	..	..	..	..	..	..
Namibia	149	156	4	0.2	2	1	8	12	476.0	6,010.0	79.0	108.0
Nepal	..	792	5	1.1	..	..	20	43	4,005.0	1,677.0	15.0	25.0
Netherlands	5,597	30,457	87,143	23.0	45,025	42,768	2,228	449	..	..	..	..
New Caledonia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
New Zealand	5,104	7,889	590	9.9	835	834	324	5,690	18,081.0	32,666.0	321.0	960.0
Nicaragua	..	44	10	1.1	0	1	..	..	..	..	..	..
Niger	26	55	9	5.6	0	0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Nigeria	..	5,602	190	1.5	0	253	439	683	11,341.0	7,317.0	1,913.0	326.0
Northern Mariana Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Norway	6,433	11,803	4,102	22.5	355	737	957	582	11,782.0	31,354.0	464.0	4,177.0
Oman	281	856	73	1.3	..	..	30	476	11,064.0	4,960.0	8.0	551.0
Pakistan	336	12,904	309	2.3	11	183	313	561	32,741.0	5,591.0	453.0	128.0
Palau	..	7	0	51.7	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Panama	39	173	1,362	2,200.2	3	18	34	328	4,590.0	6,537.0	3.0	92.0
Papua New Guinea	35	64	..	..	..	..	..	63	232.0	660.0	3.0	8.0
Paraguay	140	98	54	7.2	..	19	4	324	11,103.0	5,630.0	18.0	50.0
Peru	..	1,630	173	4.1	25	348	137	1,122	29,205.0	12,853.0	133.0	249.0
Philippines	174	2,237	32,819	62.2	15	519	501	3,879	34,097.0	28,573.0	1,110.0	625.0
Poland	3,106	35,663	19,967	9.9	1,101	3,534	3,887	112	30,832.0	7,949.0	1,053.0	205.0
Portugal	4,646	14,295	3,371	6.9	162	879	703	104	30,251.0	5,815.0	1,920.0	138.0
Puerto Rico	348	515	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Qatar	577	1,503	466	0.0	..	..	39	799	1,333.0	7,039.0	..	..
Romania	882	10,345	6,985	11.1	132	887	881	58	20,262.0	5,252.0	542.0	519.0
Russian Federation	2,784	81,579	6,604	12.9	1,164	6,809	23,337	12,174	246,719.0	60,263.0	4,412.0	6,515.0
Rwanda	14	170	7	10.6	0	0	6	1	316.0	2,815.0	4.0	67.0
Samoa	..	11	0	2.3	0	0	2	1	40.0	1,120.0	40.0	61.0
San Marino	..	11	..	..	..	..	11	741	..	..	5.0	103.0
Sao Tome and Principe	..	1	0	17.0	0	0	..	408	15.0	1,750.0	..	..
Saudi Arabia	..	10,898	217	0.6	..	..	1,188	2,463	23,411.0	14,258.0	348.0	456.0
Senegal	564	388	8	0.9	5	9	..	..	..	..	..	..
Serbia	2,087	4,523	458	..	91	348	168	9	3,194.0	13,066.0	134.0	1,023.0
Seychelles	..	10	1	2.2	1	2	3	12	105.0	540.0	..	5.0
Sierra Leone	..	41	0	0.7	0	1	..	..	200.0	2,562.0	5.0	5.0
Singapore	6,825	11,459	160,491	51.8	8,673	15,345	1,727	12,409	11,121.0	42,167.0	392.0	4,377.0
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	..	..	..	..	0	1	..	..	..	..	..	..
Slovak Republic	2,996	5,322	7,860	9.9	48	647	206	28	8,797.0	4,847.0	180.0	230.0
Slovenia	4,845	3,206	2,542	7.4	88	252	255	23	4,344.0	3,887.0	40.0	492.0
Solomon Islands	..	13	0	1.4	0	3	..	..	..	..	..	..
Somalia	..	10	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
South Africa	504	13,009	1,835	4.9	126	1,198	567	6,347	21,583.0	15,788.0	976.0	908.0
South Sudan	..	9	..	..	8	0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Spain	3,001	54,537	15,725	6.8	2,950	5,122	1,288	159	70,826.0	9,981.0	15,728.0	449.0
Sri Lanka	106	1,348	83	1.1	..	..	356	255	6,676.0	3,709.0	480.0	66.0
St. Kitts and Nevis	..	26	7	34.6	0	2	..	4	11.0	463.0	..	..
St. Lucia	..	4	5	10.5	1	9	2	..	33.0	352.0	..	..
St. Martin (French part)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	..	1	1	9.9	0	3	..	3	27.0	396.0	..	..
Sudan	..	398	1	..	0	0	238	7	1,647.0	3,593.0	218.0	16.0
Suriname	..	17	3	12.5	0	4	..	..	899.0	665.0	..	..
Eswatini	142	34	4	0.3	0	33	..	..	..	..	..	..
Sweden	7,536	20,421	17,725	14.5	8,377	9,281	1,802	388	14,851.0	4,800.0	529.0	129.0
Switzerland	5,236	21,379	29,244	12.9	23,242	26,418	1,369	348	40,712.0	55,614.0	3,334.0	9,284.0
Syrian Arab Republic	91	275	..	..	..	..	121	32	8,771.0	4,408.0	148.0	92.0
Tajikistan	..	62	2	4.5	0	0	1	1	595.0	5,879.0	..	..
Tanzania	19	603	186	6.9	0	3	..	..	1,418.0	2,237.0	..	..
Thailand	1,758	12,514	45,838	23.5	225	4,504	865	7,307	32,367.0	34,023.0	3,541.0	1,752.0
Timor-Leste	..	14	..	..	0	0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Togo	48	86	1	0.1	0	0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Tonga	..	5	..	..	0	0	..	1	3.0	544.0	..	..
Trinidad and Tobago	567	211	..	..	1	37	1	112	854.0	1,678.0	20.0	4.0
Tunisia	1,812	5,565	841	6.9	18	18	180	271	..	..	222.0	961.0
Turkiye	1,533	33,536	4,173	3.0	220	2,299	7,871	217	248,754.0	33,695.0	39,239.0	6,964.0
Turkmenistan	..	4	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Turks and Caicos Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Tuvalu	..	1	..	..	..	..	..	10	147.0	..	..	..
Uganda	28	673	12	3.1	4	0	14	1	1,598.0	1,617.0	154.0	6.0
Ukraine	988	10,380	1,176	5.5	74	495	2,097	1,755	54,298.0	25,112.0	4,660.0	2,964.0
United Arab Emirates	2,379	3,145	1,156	2.9	..	..	55	1,843	5,507.0	13,043.0	66.0	857.0
United Kingdom	4,554	97,681	58,144	23.1	23,905	16,043	12,061	7,189	142,436.0	77,933.0	21,726.0	8,173.0
United States	4,749	422,808	141,539	18.7	113,779	42,984	285,113	336,340	460,197.0	212,447.0	22,988.0	26,857.0
Uruguay	696	852	113	8.3	24	109	23	500	4,090.0	5,279.0	53.0	62.0
Uzbekistan	476	354	42	0.7	0	113	374	169	8,035.0	7,684.0	249.0	17.0
Vanuatu	..	6	..	..	1	0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Venezuela, RB	300	639	..	..	..	..	96	338	10,719.0	4,025.0	431.0	..
Vietnam	708	4,286	101,534	40.4	..	..	720	6,800	74,516.0	37,865.0	2,214.0	2,173.0
Virgin Islands (U.S.)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
West Bank and Gaza	575	376	12	0.9	0	1	..	..	..	..	..	..
Yemen, Rep.	..	137	..	..	..	..	60	15	4,331.0	1,359.0	47.0	4.0
Zambia	..	213	11	2.3	0	15	2	21	1,083.0	3,758.0	58.0	1.0
Zimbabwe	100	359	8	4.9	..	4	8	5	155.0	3,086.0	..	..
World	1,597	2,554,319	2,853,543	20.5	393,404	452,710	2,231,800	994,300	12,769,600.0	2,360,400.0	1,137,300.0	223,700.0
East Asia & Pacific	1,535	866,689	..	33.6	70,451	106,979	1,679,298	361,970	8,640,599.0	770,040.0	791,562.0	59,425.0
Europe & Central Asia	3,210	794,017	751,063	16.1	196,753	265,325	221,382	151,430	1,976,188.0	701,956.0	272,902.0	105,489.0
Latin America & Caribbean	580	108,230	87,163	14.1	1,148	10,596	8,364	46,129	553,090.0	200,485.0	7,947.0	7,459.0
Middle East & North Africa	..	119,302	17,194	4.7	2,547	3,596	17,129	19,082	549,567.0	133,028.0	25,934.0	6,770.0
North America	4,725	482,864	167,061	18.2	120,997	56,691	289,351	368,590	552,053.0	294,878.0	23,722.0	33,671.0
South Asia	250	154,139	..	9.5	1,269	7,531	20,192	35,351	369,887.0	63,540.0	11,812.0	4,648.0
Sub-Saharan Africa	..	29,476	2,533	5.7	238	1,992	1,745	8,704	60,485.0	84,869.0	4,262.0	2,472.0
Low income	..	5,429	..	5.1	14	40	600	1,600	41,000.0	47,500.0	..	..
Lower middle income	..	290,061	161,372	11.9	1,602	11,683	41,100	64,300	1,140,000.0	375,900.0	..	..
Upper middle income	1,322	815,834	953,277	23.9	12,019	65,108	1,289,800	236,700	8,733,200.0	734,600.0	..	..
High income	4,528	1,450,500	1,738,714	20.2	379,768	375,879	900,200	691,800	2,844,700.0	1,202,400.0	..	..

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