World Development Indicators

Towards a broader measure of savings
Gross savings	Consumption of fixed capital	Education expenditure	Net forest depletion	Energy depletion	Mineral depletion	Carbon dioxide damage	Local pollution damage	Adjusted net savings

% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI
2017	2017	2017	2017	2017	2017	2017	2017	2017

Afghanistan	18.8	13.5	2.6	0.2	0.1	0.0	2.9	1.9	2.7
Albania	16.6	9.2	3.6	0.1	0.9	0.1	1.6	0.2	8.2
Algeria	38.4	9.0	4.5	0.1	9.2	0.0	3.3	0.1	21.2
American Samoa	..	..	11.8	..	..	..	..	..	..
Andorra	..	..	2.4	..	..	..	..	..	..
Angola	27.3	32.9	3.6	0.3	12.4	0.0	1.0	0.6	-16.3
Antigua and Barbuda	..	11.0	2.3	..	0.0	0.0	1.5	..	..
Argentina	13.8	11.3	5.1	0.0	0.8	0.2	1.1	0.1	5.4
Armenia	17.5	13.3	2.4	0.1	0.0	2.8	1.7	0.5	1.5
Aruba	10.3	10.9	6.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	..	..
Australia	22.5	17.8	5.0	0.0	0.8	2.2	0.9	0.0	5.6
Austria	27.5	18.0	5.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.0	14.1
Azerbaijan	29.6	7.1	3.0	0.0	13.3	0.1	2.5	0.1	9.5
Bahamas, The	16.8	12.6	3.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.1	7.1
Bahrain	30.5	6.3	2.9	0.0	3.2	0.0	3.5	0.1	20.4
Bangladesh	33.8	8.3	1.2	0.2	0.4	0.0	1.2	0.5	24.5
Barbados	..	10.7	4.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.3	..
Belarus	29.7	9.1	4.7	0.2	0.4	0.0	3.4	0.2	21.2
Belgium	25.2	18.7	6.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.1	12.0
Belize	10.5	16.1	6.4	0.0	0.5	0.0	1.0	0.3	-0.9
Benin	12.7	14.6	4.0	1.7	0.1	0.0	2.9	1.0	-3.4
Bermuda	..	..	2.1	..	..	..	..	..	..
Bhutan	32.1	10.3	6.8	2.6	0.0	0.0	2.0	0.7	23.3
Bolivia	16.2	13.4	6.1	0.5	2.3	3.0	2.2	0.2	0.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	12.9	14.2	..	0.2	0.0	0.2	4.8	0.3	..
Botswana	40.7	21.6	9.5	0.0	0.2	0.2	1.4	0.2	26.6
Brazil	14.6	11.7	6.1	0.1	1.0	0.7	0.9	0.2	6.1
Brunei Darussalam	52.4	8.1	4.0	0.0	10.9	0.0	2.7	0.0	34.6
Bulgaria	28.3	14.1	3.9	0.0	0.1	0.6	2.4	0.2	14.8
Burkina Faso	15.8	11.4	4.3	6.8	0.0	8.2	1.1	1.6	-9.0
Burundi	5.9	11.8	5.2	15.3	0.0	0.4	0.5	1.3	-19.0
Cabo Verde	31.0	23.0	5.3	0.5	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.2	11.7
Cambodia	24.5	10.4	2.0	1.0	0.0	0.0	1.4	0.6	13.1
Cameroon	18.6	12.7	2.7	0.0	2.3	0.1	0.8	0.8	4.5
Canada	20.2	16.8	4.9	0.0	0.2	0.5	1.1	0.0	6.5
Cayman Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Central African Republic	..	24.0	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.7	0.6	..
Chad	..	8.6	1.8	4.0	9.0	0.0	0.2	3.1	..
Channel Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Chile	21.3	14.7	4.6	0.0	0.0	6.5	1.1	0.1	3.6
China	47.1	24.5	1.8	0.0	0.6	0.3	3.2	0.3	20.1
Hong Kong SAR, China	25.5	17.8	2.8	..	0.0	0.0	0.4	..	..
Macao SAR, China	56.4	1.9	3.1	..	0.0	0.0	0.1	..	..
Colombia	16.9	13.1	3.4	0.0	2.9	0.5	1.0	0.1	2.8
Comoros	..	4.7	4.3	1.8	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.8	..
Congo, Dem. Rep.	19.2	0.2	2.1	12.6	0.4	10.3	0.6	1.7	-4.4
Congo, Rep.	-4.8	24.1	2.5	0.0	31.3	0.0	1.7	0.7	-40.4
Costa Rica	15.0	5.6	7.5	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.1	15.9
Cote d'Ivoire	19.3	3.5	4.7	0.0	1.3	1.5	1.3	0.8	16.6
Croatia	25.5	17.7	4.5	0.0	0.3	0.0	1.0	0.1	10.8
Cuba	..	12.3	13.0	0.0	0.4	0.1	1.3	0.1	..
Curacao	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Cyprus	12.2	13.9	6.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.1	3.2
Czech Republic	28.0	21.6	5.7	0.0	0.1	0.0	1.6	0.1	10.3
Denmark	27.9	15.8	6.9	0.0	0.4	0.0	0.3	0.1	18.3
Djibouti	17.0	23.6	7.4	0.7	0.0	0.0	1.5	0.4	-1.8
Dominica	..	21.6	5.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	..	..
Dominican Republic	22.4	4.7	2.5	0.0	0.0	1.5	1.1	0.3	17.3
Ecuador	26.4	14.5	3.9	0.2	2.5	0.1	1.4	0.2	11.4
Egypt, Arab Rep.	10.1	5.5	4.4	0.3	3.6	0.2	3.1	0.7	1.2
El Salvador	15.2	10.4	3.8	1.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.3	6.4
Equatorial Guinea	..	16.5	1.0	0.0	22.9	0.0	1.3	0.4	..
Eritrea	..	..	1.7	..	..	..	..	..	..
Estonia	29.2	15.7	4.9	0.0	0.2	0.0	2.9	0.1	15.2
Eswatini	9.7	12.3	6.8	1.7	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.7	0.8
Ethiopia	32.9	16.2	3.1	9.1	0.0	0.3	0.6	0.4	9.3
Faroe Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Fiji	16.9	11.8	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.8	0.5	8.1
Finland	22.7	18.2	6.4	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.6	0.0	10.2
France	22.4	17.6	4.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.0	9.3
French Polynesia	..	..	0.5	..	..	..	..	..	..
Gabon	..	16.0	3.1	0.0	10.3	0.2	1.3	0.2	..
Gambia, The	..	21.2	2.7	5.7	0.0	0.0	1.4	1.2	..
Georgia	24.8	10.4	1.8	0.0	0.1	0.6	2.4	0.5	12.5
Germany	27.5	17.1	4.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.1	14.1
Ghana	21.4	22.6	5.8	5.6	2.6	3.3	1.0	0.7	-8.4
Greece	11.3	16.3	3.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.1	0.1	-3.1
Greenland	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Grenada	..	25.2	3.8	..	0.0	0.0	1.0	..	..
Guam	..	..	8.3	..	..	..	..	..	..
Guatemala	14.3	12.1	2.7	1.2	0.1	0.4	0.9	0.5	1.9
Guinea	13.6	7.2	1.9	8.8	0.0	4.3	1.0	0.8	-6.5
Guinea-Bissau	7.6	5.7	1.2	11.4	0.0	0.0	0.8	1.0	-11.0
Guyana	30.1	4.0	2.9	0.0	0.0	13.3	2.0	0.3	14.1
Haiti	25.5	5.6	1.5	1.2	0.0	0.0	1.2	1.4	17.6
Honduras	22.5	5.7	6.3	1.3	0.0	0.4	1.6	0.4	19.5
Hungary	27.0	16.9	4.5	0.0	0.2	0.0	1.0	0.2	13.2
Iceland	23.9	14.6	7.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.0	16.6
India	30.2	11.6	3.1	0.3	0.5	0.3	3.6	0.8	16.3
Indonesia	31.8	19.0	3.3	0.0	1.4	0.5	1.8	0.4	12.0
Iran, Islamic Rep.	..	20.3	3.6	0.0	4.3	0.3	5.8	0.1	..
Iraq	11.0	10.3	4.6	0.0	10.9	0.0	3.5	0.2	-7.0
Ireland	42.8	30.7	4.6	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.5	0.0	16.0
Isle of Man	..	..	..	..	..	0.0	..	..	..
Israel	24.0	12.9	5.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.1	15.6
Italy	20.2	17.6	3.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.1	6.0
Jamaica	21.6	8.9	5.3	0.2	0.0	0.1	1.6	0.3	15.9
Japan	27.0	21.7	3.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.1	7.3
Jordan	12.3	8.8	3.4	0.0	0.0	0.1	2.2	0.2	4.4
Kazakhstan	29.2	11.9	3.2	0.0	6.2	2.5	5.7	0.1	5.8
Kenya	9.5	13.0	4.9	2.4	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.5	-2.2
Kiribati	..	4.7	6.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	..	..
Korea, Dem. People’s Rep.	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea, Rep.	36.1	19.2	4.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.4	0.1	20.1
Kosovo	22.7	10.9	..	..	0.0	0.3	4.2	..	..
Kuwait	30.3	8.3	3.2	0.0	8.1	0.0	2.4	0.1	14.6
Kyrgyz Republic	30.7	11.7	5.7	0.0	0.0	6.3	5.3	0.3	12.9
Lao PDR	19.6	16.0	2.6	2.7	0.0	3.6	0.5	0.6	-1.2
Latvia	23.1	20.7	4.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.2	6.0
Lebanon	1.8	18.9	2.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.6	0.3	-16.9
Lesotho	20.0	12.1	9.7	5.1	0.0	0.0	2.7	1.0	8.2
Liberia	-53.7	27.6	3.7	18.3	0.0	0.9	1.0	1.2	-99.0
Libya	..	8.5	2.1	0.1	6.6	0.0	6.4	0.5	..
Liechtenstein	..	15.4	3.1	0.0	..	0.0	..	..	..
Lithuania	..	..	5.3	..	..	..	..	..	..
Luxembourg	34.2	17.8	5.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.0	20.9
Madagascar	15.3	6.2	2.1	0.0	0.1	0.8	1.2	1.5	7.7
Malawi	10.5	22.1	4.7	8.2	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.9	-16.7
Malaysia	29.3	17.6	4.6	0.0	3.0	0.0	3.0	0.2	10.0
Maldives	..	14.4	4.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.1	..
Mali	..	12.2	3.7	3.1	0.0	6.4	0.4	1.5	..
Malta	37.2	14.7	4.7	..	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.1	..
Marshall Islands	22.9	7.7	6.5	..	..	0.0	1.3	..	..
Mauritania	26.5	24.7	2.9	2.8	0.6	9.0	2.1	0.5	-10.3
Mauritius	8.1	18.0	4.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.1	0.2	-6.4
Mexico	23.4	17.4	5.2	0.1	1.6	0.6	1.5	0.2	7.5
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.	..	7.1	23.6	0.0	..	0.0	1.5	..	..
Moldova	17.4	5.7	5.7	0.2	0.0	0.0	1.9	0.3	14.7
Monaco	..	..	1.0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Mongolia	28.9	11.2	4.3	0.0	6.0	16.7	9.1	0.4	-10.3
Montenegro	14.2	11.8	..	0.0	0.0	0.5	1.6	0.1	..
Morocco	29.6	11.3	5.2	0.2	0.0	0.2	2.0	0.4	20.9
Mozambique	7.7	21.5	5.4	0.6	0.6	0.0	3.2	0.6	-13.5
Myanmar	30.4	4.8	1.8	0.8	0.9	1.0	1.1	0.5	23.1
Namibia	16.2	10.5	2.9	0.0	0.0	2.6	1.0	0.4	4.5
Nepal	45.1	7.1	3.2	0.9	0.0	0.0	1.5	0.8	38.1
Netherlands	31.0	16.4	4.8	0.0	0.3	0.0	0.7	0.1	18.4
New Caledonia	..	..	0.5	..	..	..	..	..	..
New Zealand	22.1	14.4	7.4	0.0	0.4	0.2	0.6	0.0	13.9
Nicaragua	24.6	10.0	4.1	1.7	0.0	1.1	1.3	0.2	14.4
Niger	19.5	5.2	5.4	10.5	1.2	0.2	1.3	1.4	5.0
Nigeria	18.8	11.4	0.9	1.4	3.0	0.1	0.7	1.7	1.4
North Macedonia	33.8	18.2	3.3	0.0	0.0	1.1	2.0	0.3	15.4
Northern Mariana Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Norway	32.5	17.1	6.4	0.0	4.4	0.0	0.4	0.0	16.9
Oman	19.6	15.8	6.5	0.0	18.1	0.0	3.4	0.1	-11.3
Pakistan	19.1	4.9	2.0	0.2	0.6	0.0	1.9	0.8	12.7
Palau	11.7	8.9	..	..	..	0.0	3.3	..	..
Panama	32.1	9.0	2.8	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.6	0.1	25.3
Papua New Guinea	..	7.5	6.9	0.0	5.8	8.1	1.1	0.8	..
Paraguay	24.8	12.3	4.4	1.6	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.2	14.5
Peru	21.1	10.5	3.3	0.0	0.2	5.4	1.1	0.1	7.1
Philippines	36.4	7.5	1.8	0.2	0.1	0.4	1.1	0.3	28.5
Poland	20.6	12.2	4.6	0.1	0.1	0.2	1.8	0.1	10.6
Portugal	17.0	17.5	4.8	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.7	0.1	3.4
Puerto Rico	..	14.0	8.6	..	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	..
Qatar	48.6	14.4	2.2	0.0	7.4	0.0	2.0	0.0	26.8
Romania	21.6	19.3	2.8	0.0	0.5	0.0	1.1	0.1	3.4
Russian Federation	26.8	12.9	3.6	0.0	5.3	0.5	3.4	0.2	8.0
Rwanda	13.5	14.5	3.2	5.3	0.0	0.1	0.4	0.8	-4.4
Samoa	..	11.5	4.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.4	..
San Marino	..	..	3.6	..	..	..	..	..	..
Sao Tome and Principe	..	61.2	3.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.1	1.0	..
Saudi Arabia	29.7	12.3	7.2	0.0	7.8	0.0	3.1	0.2	13.4
Senegal	..	11.8	6.5	0.0	0.0	1.0	1.9	0.6	..
Serbia	16.0	16.8	4.0	0.1	0.1	0.3	..	0.3	..
Seychelles	13.1	18.6	4.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	..	..
Sierra Leone	-15.0	4.9	2.7	11.0	0.0	2.0	1.1	1.6	-33.5
Singapore	49.8	15.2	2.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.1	36.8
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Slovak Republic	22.6	19.9	4.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.1	5.6
Slovenia	26.5	20.0	4.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.1	10.1
Solomon Islands	..	9.6	9.9	20.1	0.0	0.9	0.6	1.3	..
Somalia	..	..	1.0	8.9	0.0	0.0	0.3	..	..
South Africa	16.3	14.0	6.0	0.0	1.2	1.5	4.7	0.3	0.6
South Sudan	7.5	..	1.8	0.0	14.0	0.0	..	..	..
Spain	23.0	17.4	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.0	9.1
Sri Lanka	35.0	7.6	2.3	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.3	28.5
St. Kitts and Nevis	..	20.1	3.3	..	0.0	0.0	0.9	..	..
St. Lucia	8.1	13.7	4.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.2	-2.3
St. Martin (French part)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	8.7	12.3	5.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.3	0.4
Sudan	14.3	11.7	2.2	0.5	0.2	2.1	0.5	1.3	0.2
Suriname	..	15.8	3.4	0.0	4.8	23.3	2.3	0.2	..
Sweden	28.8	16.2	7.1	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.3	0.0	19.1
Switzerland	33.2	21.0	4.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.0	16.4
Syrian Arab Republic	..	..	2.6	..	..	..	..	..	..
Tajikistan	20.1	11.1	3.8	0.0	0.0	3.4	2.4	0.6	6.3
Tanzania	31.2	8.1	3.7	0.0	0.2	2.0	1.0	0.6	23.1
Thailand	33.4	19.2	4.2	0.4	1.1	0.0	2.6	0.2	14.0
Timor-Leste	22.1	8.0	3.2	0.0	29.7	0.0	0.9	1.3	-14.6
Togo	12.7	6.6	4.9	6.6	0.0	6.8	2.3	0.9	-7.5
Tonga	..	8.7	2.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.4	..
Trinidad and Tobago	..	11.1	2.9	0.0	6.9	0.0	6.7	0.2	..
Tunisia	9.2	20.4	5.9	0.3	1.1	0.2	2.5	0.2	-9.6
Turkey	25.8	16.3	3.8	0.0	0.0	0.1	1.6	0.2	11.4
Turkmenistan	..	18.0	2.3	..	5.8	0.0	6.2	0.3	..
Turks and Caicos Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Tuvalu	..	6.7	..	..	..	0.0	0.7	..	..
Uganda	20.6	16.5	2.0	14.1	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.7	-9.5
Ukraine	18.5	12.9	4.6	0.0	0.4	0.5	5.6	0.3	3.5
United Arab Emirates	..	3.9	..	0.0	4.0	0.0	2.1	0.1	..
United Kingdom	13.3	12.4	5.6	0.0	0.4	0.0	0.5	0.1	5.5
United States	18.6	15.7	4.4	0.0	0.2	0.1	0.9	0.1	6.1
Uruguay	16.8	9.3	4.3	1.1	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.1	10.2
Uzbekistan	..	4.4	9.4	0.0	4.6	4.8	6.2	0.4	..
Vanuatu	..	9.6	4.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	1.2	..
Venezuela, RB	..	..	6.5	..	..	..	..	..	..
Vietnam	25.6	12.5	4.6	0.0	0.9	0.1	3.1	0.2	13.4
Virgin Islands (U.S.)	..	..	9.4	..	..	..	..	..	..
West Bank and Gaza	10.0	11.2	..	..	0.0	0.0	..	..	..
Yemen, Rep.	..	5.1	3.6	0.0	0.2	0.0	1.6	1.8	..
Zambia	32.0	15.6	1.1	0.0	0.0	8.3	0.7	0.7	9.2
Zimbabwe	-2.4	15.9	1.9	0.0	0.2	2.9	1.9	0.8	-22.2
World	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
East Asia & Pacific	38.5	21.9	2.7	0.0	0.5	0.3	2.2	0.2	16.1
Europe & Central Asia	24.0	16.4	4.7	0.0	0.6	0.1	0.9	0.1	10.5
Latin America & Caribbean	17.9	12.9	5.3	0.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	0.2	6.7
Middle East & North Africa	23.0	11.7	4.9	0.0	5.4	0.1	3.0	0.2	8.9
North America	18.7	15.8	4.4	..	0.2	0.1	0.9	0.1	6.2
South Asia	29.6	10.6	2.8	0.3	0.4	0.2	3.2	0.8	17.0
Sub-Saharan Africa	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Low income	25.4	10.9	3.1	5.6	0.3	2.0	1.1	1.1	7.6
Lower middle income	27.4	12.2	3.1	0.4	1.2	0.5	2.6	0.7	12.9
Upper middle income	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
High income	22.8	16.7	4.5	0.0	0.4	0.1	0.8	0.1	9.1

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