World Development Indicators

Towards a broader measure of savings
Gross savings	Consumption of fixed capital	Education expenditure	Net forest depletion	Energy depletion	Mineral depletion	Carbon dioxide damage	Local pollution damage	Adjusted net savings

% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI
2019	2019	2019	2019	2019	2019	2019	2019	2019

Afghanistan	..	4.5	2.6	0.2	0.1	0.0	2.2	2.7	..
Albania	14.2	17.4	3.3	0.0	0.8	0.0	1.3	0.3	-2.3
Algeria	39.8	9.4	4.5	0.1	10.2	0.0	3.9	0.3	20.4
American Samoa	..	..	11.8	..	..	..	..	..	..
Andorra	..	..	2.4	..	..	..	..	..	..
Angola	25.5	12.3	3.6	0.0	21.1	0.0	1.7	0.7	-6.9
Antigua and Barbuda	20.2	11.0	2.3	..	0.0	0.0	1.8	..	..
Argentina	16.5	12.7	5.0	0.0	1.6	0.0	1.9	0.1	5.1
Armenia	10.1	13.4	2.3	0.1	0.0	0.9	1.8	0.3	-4.1
Aruba	15.6	11.0	5.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	..	..
Australia	23.2	18.2	5.0	0.0	1.3	1.3	1.1	0.0	6.3
Austria	28.3	18.2	5.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.0	14.5
Azerbaijan	30.5	6.9	2.6	0.0	16.8	0.0	3.4	0.2	5.9
Bahamas, The	30.0	6.6	3.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.1	26.5
Bahrain	31.6	8.2	2.9	0.0	3.7	0.0	3.6	0.2	20.0
Bangladesh	34.1	8.2	0.9	0.1	0.3	0.0	1.4	0.7	24.4
Barbados	..	10.5	4.4	0.0	0.2	0.0	1.0	0.3	..
Belarus	28.6	18.1	4.7	0.0	0.6	0.0	3.8	0.2	10.6
Belgium	25.0	18.7	6.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.0	11.6
Belize	11.0	18.4	6.4	0.0	1.1	0.0	1.4	0.3	-3.8
Benin	21.9	11.0	2.9	1.3	0.1	0.0	2.2	2.2	8.2
Bermuda	38.7	4.4	1.6	..	0.0	0.0	0.4	..	..
Bhutan	21.1	8.4	7.0	1.3	0.0	0.0	3.3	1.3	13.8
Bolivia	14.5	11.3	6.1	0.0	2.6	0.3	2.6	0.4	3.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	16.6	16.1	..	0.0	0.0	0.1	4.8	0.4	..
Botswana	32.1	23.1	9.5	0.0	0.2	0.1	1.7	0.5	16.0
Brazil	12.5	8.1	6.3	0.0	1.7	0.3	1.2	0.2	7.4
Brunei Darussalam	52.2	8.2	4.0	0.0	14.5	0.0	2.3	0.0	31.2
Bulgaria	26.0	14.5	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	2.5	0.3	12.5
Burkina Faso	16.9	7.8	4.3	2.9	0.0	0.1	1.2	2.5	6.7
Burundi	4.4	14.7	5.2	8.9	0.0	0.0	0.9	2.0	-18.5
Cabo Verde	35.8	14.8	5.2	0.2	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.4	24.3
Cambodia	28.8	10.9	2.0	0.2	0.0	0.0	2.2	0.5	17.1
Cameroon	17.9	11.9	2.7	0.2	2.7	0.0	0.9	1.4	3.5
Canada	20.1	16.8	4.9	0.0	0.5	0.0	1.3	0.0	6.5
Cayman Islands	..	9.4	..	..	0.0	0.0	0.7	..	..
Central African Republic	..	19.6	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.9	..
Chad	..	12.8	1.8	1.7	10.5	0.0	0.3	3.6	..
Channel Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Chile	19.7	17.0	5.3	0.0	0.0	1.0	1.3	0.1	5.5
China	43.9	16.9	1.8	0.0	0.6	0.1	3.1	0.4	24.5
Hong Kong SAR, China	23.8	19.9	2.8	..	0.0	0.0	0.5	..	..
Macao SAR, China	58.3	8.9	2.4	..	0.0	0.0	0.2	..	..
Colombia	16.2	11.9	4.0	0.0	3.8	0.1	1.4	0.2	2.9
Comoros	14.0	9.6	2.5	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.8	1.3	3.7
Congo, Dem. Rep.	22.0	4.9	2.1	2.4	0.5	2.3	0.2	1.7	12.0
Congo, Rep.	..	25.8	2.5	0.0	37.1	0.0	1.5	1.5	..
Costa Rica	15.1	5.7	7.3	0.7	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.1	15.4
Cote d'Ivoire	16.3	3.3	3.2	0.0	1.2	0.0	0.9	1.9	11.9
Croatia	25.7	14.8	3.8	0.0	0.3	0.0	1.2	0.1	13.1
Cuba	..	..	13.0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Curacao	..	..	5.0	..	0.0	0.0	..	..	..
Cyprus	14.2	10.5	5.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.1	7.9
Czech Republic	27.9	21.1	3.7	0.1	0.0	0.0	1.8	0.1	8.4
Denmark	30.7	16.1	7.3	0.0	0.4	0.0	0.3	0.0	21.1
Djibouti	24.8	11.6	7.8	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.9	20.2
Dominica	..	15.2	5.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.3	..	..
Dominican Republic	25.0	5.9	2.5	0.0	0.0	0.1	1.3	0.3	19.9
Ecuador	25.4	18.5	3.9	0.0	3.4	0.0	1.6	0.3	5.6
Egypt, Arab Rep.	15.2	6.3	4.4	0.1	3.7	0.0	3.7	0.7	5.0
El Salvador	17.9	14.1	3.6	0.6	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.3	5.4
Equatorial Guinea	..	18.6	1.0	0.0	27.6	0.0	2.2	0.7	..
Eritrea	..	..	1.7	..	..	..	..	..	..
Estonia	29.7	15.9	4.6	0.0	0.2	0.0	2.5	0.0	15.7
Eswatini	18.1	16.6	7.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.2	1.3	6.1
Ethiopia	33.3	8.6	3.1	3.9	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.7	20.1
Faroe Islands	..	..	..	..	0.0	0.0	0.8	..	..
Fiji	20.3	13.6	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.2	0.6	9.0
Finland	24.0	18.7	5.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.0	10.4
France	22.9	18.2	4.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.0	9.2
French Polynesia	..	..	0.5	..	..	..	..	..	..
Gabon	..	17.1	3.1	0.0	12.8	0.0	1.4	0.3	..
Gambia, The	16.0	19.2	2.7	0.9	0.0	0.0	1.6	1.4	-4.4
Georgia	22.6	13.2	1.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	3.0	0.4	7.7
Germany	27.8	18.1	4.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.1	13.3
Ghana	25.5	11.4	4.2	0.7	2.8	0.0	1.3	1.0	12.5
Greece	10.2	15.2	3.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.3	0.1	-3.3
Greenland	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Grenada	..	9.7	3.8	..	0.0	0.0	1.1	..	..
Guam	..	..	8.3	..	..	..	..	..	..
Guatemala	17.2	12.5	3.1	0.7	0.1	0.2	1.0	0.6	5.2
Guinea	4.3	9.7	2.1	1.9	0.0	0.0	1.2	1.6	-7.9
Guinea-Bissau	8.8	4.5	1.2	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.9	1.6	2.0
Guyana	..	2.6	2.9	0.0	0.6	0.0	2.2	0.5	..
Haiti	16.0	5.5	1.5	0.4	0.0	0.0	0.9	2.3	8.4
Honduras	23.8	5.6	6.3	0.4	0.0	0.0	1.9	0.6	21.7
Hungary	28.6	16.3	4.4	0.0	0.2	0.0	1.2	0.2	15.1
Iceland	25.5	15.4	7.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.0	17.2
India	29.5	11.4	3.1	0.1	0.4	0.4	4.0	1.1	15.1
Indonesia	32.0	16.4	3.3	0.0	1.7	0.1	2.2	0.6	14.2
Iran, Islamic Rep.	..	18.2	3.7	0.0	5.6	0.3	5.7	0.3	..
Iraq	13.4	11.6	4.6	0.0	11.7	0.0	3.8	0.5	-9.7
Ireland	45.3	31.1	4.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.0	17.8
Isle of Man	..	..	..	..	..	0.0	..	..	..
Israel	24.9	13.2	5.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.1	16.4
Italy	20.9	17.5	3.9	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.7	0.1	6.5
Jamaica	23.0	7.4	5.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.1	0.2	18.5
Japan	26.9	22.1	2.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.1	6.9
Jordan	15.8	6.2	2.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.4	0.3	9.6
Kazakhstan	30.8	12.5	2.8	0.0	8.1	1.2	6.5	0.2	5.2
Kenya	8.1	15.6	4.9	0.6	0.0	0.0	0.9	1.0	-5.0
Kiribati	34.7	3.7	6.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	..	..
Korea, Dem. People's Rep.	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea, Rep.	34.5	19.7	4.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.6	0.1	17.6
Kosovo	23.8	14.2	..	..	0.0	0.1	..	..	..
Kuwait	36.1	6.1	3.2	0.0	10.3	0.0	2.4	0.2	20.4
Kyrgyz Republic	22.0	13.1	5.4	0.0	0.0	0.1	6.1	0.4	7.6
Lao PDR	..	17.1	2.6	0.0	0.0	0.7	7.1	0.7	..
Latvia	22.0	21.6	3.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.1	3.4
Lebanon	-3.2	20.1	2.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.9	0.3	-23.4
Lesotho	21.8	11.8	5.9	2.5	0.0	0.0	3.4	1.6	8.5
Liberia	-44.2	25.2	3.7	5.9	0.0	0.0	2.5	1.3	-75.4
Libya	..	8.0	2.1	0.1	9.9	0.0	7.4	0.3	..
Liechtenstein	..	13.1	3.1	0.0	..	0.0	0.0	..	..
Lithuania	21.6	12.5	3.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.1	11.6
Luxembourg	26.1	17.7	5.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.0	12.6
Madagascar	17.9	9.9	2.1	0.0	0.1	0.0	1.7	1.5	6.9
Malawi	11.2	6.1	4.6	3.6	0.0	0.0	0.7	1.4	4.1
Malaysia	25.1	22.2	4.0	0.0	3.8	0.0	3.1	0.2	-0.2
Maldives	20.4	11.9	4.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.5	0.1	11.3
Mali	16.0	5.1	3.8	1.3	0.0	0.0	1.1	3.5	4.2
Malta	29.7	13.3	4.8	..	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.1	..
Marshall Islands	13.5	6.7	6.5	..	..	0.0	2.2	..	..
Mauritania	33.9	10.1	2.9	0.9	0.0	4.1	1.8	0.8	19.2
Mauritius	16.4	11.3	4.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.1	8.6
Mexico	24.4	18.0	4.5	0.0	1.6	0.1	1.6	0.2	7.4
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.	..	6.4	23.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.5	..	..
Moldova	15.9	12.6	4.6	0.1	0.0	0.0	1.7	0.2	5.9
Monaco	..	..	1.0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Mongolia	26.7	10.1	4.3	0.0	4.7	3.4	11.1	0.6	1.2
Montenegro	16.8	14.3	..	0.0	0.0	0.3	1.6	0.3	..
Morocco	28.4	11.3	5.2	0.1	0.0	0.1	2.2	0.6	19.3
Mozambique	18.2	22.2	5.4	0.0	0.5	0.0	3.1	1.1	-3.4
Myanmar	30.2	4.7	1.5	0.5	1.0	0.3	1.7	0.9	22.5
Namibia	8.8	12.3	2.9	0.0	0.0	0.5	1.4	0.8	-3.3
Nepal	48.4	6.5	3.2	0.3	0.0	0.0	1.9	1.0	41.9
Netherlands	31.1	16.4	4.6	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.8	0.1	18.2
New Caledonia	..	..	0.5	..	..	..	..	..	..
New Zealand	22.0	14.5	7.4	0.0	0.4	0.0	0.7	0.0	13.6
Nicaragua	23.5	6.0	4.1	0.7	0.0	0.0	1.7	0.4	18.8
Niger	22.7	4.8	2.4	3.4	0.7	0.0	0.9	2.5	12.8
Nigeria	24.0	13.2	0.9	0.6	3.7	0.0	1.1	2.6	3.7
North Macedonia	32.9	15.1	3.3	0.0	0.0	0.4	2.2	0.3	18.3
Northern Mariana Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Norway	31.9	17.5	6.6	0.0	5.1	0.0	0.4	0.0	15.5
Oman	16.0	12.7	6.5	0.0	22.2	0.0	3.8	0.1	-16.3
Pakistan	12.6	4.8	2.0	0.1	0.8	0.0	3.3	2.3	3.2
Palau	11.6	8.0	..	..	..	0.0	3.0	..	..
Panama	32.1	9.7	2.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.1	24.4
Papua New Guinea	..	7.3	6.9	0.0	5.9	0.5	1.3	1.3	..
Paraguay	22.0	6.6	3.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.2	17.7
Peru	20.0	9.6	3.4	0.0	0.3	0.6	1.1	0.2	11.6
Philippines	28.7	9.0	1.8	0.1	0.1	0.2	1.5	0.6	19.1
Poland	21.0	11.9	4.4	0.0	0.1	0.1	2.2	0.2	11.0
Portugal	19.3	18.0	4.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.0	5.3
Puerto Rico	..	21.6	8.6	..	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.0	..
Qatar	46.2	16.2	2.4	0.0	8.9	0.0	2.3	0.1	21.1
Romania	18.6	14.0	2.8	0.0	0.5	0.0	1.1	0.2	5.5
Russian Federation	28.5	12.9	4.4	0.0	7.3	0.1	4.4	0.1	8.0
Rwanda	15.6	12.9	3.0	3.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	1.3	0.8
Samoa	..	11.5	4.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.4	1.0	..
San Marino	..	..	3.6	..	..	..	..	..	..
Sao Tome and Principe	..	24.9	3.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.3	1.3	..
Saudi Arabia	33.3	9.8	7.2	0.0	8.2	0.0	3.0	0.3	19.1
Senegal	24.0	9.9	5.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.7	1.3	14.8
Serbia	19.3	17.2	3.7	0.0	0.4	0.1	3.8	0.4	1.1
Seychelles	12.9	13.4	4.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.4	..	..
Sierra Leone	-4.3	5.6	2.7	1.7	0.0	1.3	1.3	2.3	-13.8
Singapore	47.2	18.4	2.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.1	31.0
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	46.3	..	..	..	..	0.0	..	..	..
Slovak Republic	21.6	17.2	3.8	0.1	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.1	6.8
Slovenia	26.9	18.7	4.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.1	11.7
Solomon Islands	..	10.1	9.9	5.8	0.0	0.0	0.4	2.2	..
Somalia	..	..	1.0	..	..	..	..	..	..
South Africa	15.4	14.5	6.4	0.1	1.0	1.1	5.5	0.5	-0.8
South Sudan	..	..	1.8	..	..	..	..	..	..
Spain	22.9	15.4	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.0	10.8
Sri Lanka	26.0	7.4	1.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.3	0.3	18.6
St. Kitts and Nevis	..	11.7	3.3	..	0.0	0.0	1.0	..	..
St. Lucia	..	18.3	3.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.2	..
St. Martin (French part)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	..	17.6	5.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.1	0.3	..
Sudan	58.1	17.2	2.2	0.4	0.5	0.0	2.8	2.1	37.3
Suriname	..	13.2	3.4	0.0	5.1	0.0	2.1	0.2	..
Sweden	28.7	16.8	7.1	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.3	0.0	18.6
Switzerland	34.6	21.5	4.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.0	17.4
Syrian Arab Republic	..	..	2.6	..	..	..	..	..	..
Tajikistan	21.3	4.8	3.8	0.7	0.0	1.0	2.9	0.5	15.8
Tanzania	31.3	11.3	3.7	0.0	0.2	0.0	1.1	1.3	20.9
Thailand	32.7	17.8	4.2	0.3	1.3	0.0	2.4	0.4	14.8
Timor-Leste	21.4	4.1	3.2	0.0	27.9	0.0	1.1	0.8	-9.5
Togo	21.6	6.4	4.8	3.1	0.0	0.0	2.6	2.2	9.6
Tonga	..	8.5	2.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.4	..
Trinidad and Tobago	..	10.7	2.9	0.0	6.7	0.0	7.2	0.2	..
Tunisia	8.9	1.4	5.9	0.2	1.1	0.0	3.5	0.3	8.2
Turkey	26.5	15.4	3.8	0.0	0.1	0.0	2.1	0.2	12.5
Turkmenistan	..	19.9	2.3	0.0	10.3	0.0	7.1	0.5	..
Turks and Caicos Islands	..	11.4	2.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	..	..
Tuvalu	..	6.0	..	..	0.0	0.0	0.8	..	..
Uganda	22.8	7.3	1.7	6.2	0.0	0.0	0.8	1.3	8.9
Ukraine	11.7	11.9	4.9	0.0	0.5	0.0	5.2	0.2	-1.3
United Arab Emirates	..	3.9	..	0.0	5.3	0.0	2.2	0.2	..
United Kingdom	13.6	15.1	5.4	0.0	0.5	0.0	0.5	0.0	2.9
United States	18.5	15.8	4.4	0.0	0.3	0.0	0.9	0.1	5.8
Uruguay	14.0	9.5	5.2	1.0	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.1	8.1
Uzbekistan	39.5	12.3	9.4	0.0	5.5	0.2	5.6	0.5	24.8
Vanuatu	..	9.0	4.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	2.4	..
Venezuela, RB	..	..	6.5	..	..	..	..	..	..
Vietnam	24.5	14.5	4.6	0.1	0.8	0.0	4.0	0.3	9.4
Virgin Islands (U.S.)	..	..	9.4	..	..	..	..	..	..
West Bank and Gaza	13.2	10.6	..	..	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.4	..
Yemen, Rep.	..	2.6	3.6	0.0	1.0	0.0	1.7	2.3	..
Zambia	40.4	17.0	3.6	0.0	0.0	1.2	1.2	0.9	23.7
Zimbabwe	-2.4	10.2	1.9	0.0	0.1	0.4	2.2	1.4	-14.1
World	26.5	16.1	3.9	0.0	0.9	0.1	1.6	0.2	11.5
East Asia & Pacific	39.5	18.2	2.6	0.0	0.5	0.2	2.3	0.3	20.6
Europe & Central Asia	24.4	16.8	4.7	0.0	0.8	0.0	1.1	0.1	10.3
Latin America & Caribbean	17.9	12.2	5.2	0.0	1.5	0.2	1.4	0.2	7.6
Middle East & North Africa	26.8	9.7	5.1	0.0	6.3	0.0	2.8	0.3	12.8
North America	18.6	15.8	4.4	0.0	0.3	0.0	1.0	0.1	5.8
South Asia	28.7	10.4	2.8	0.1	0.4	0.3	3.6	1.1	15.4
Sub-Saharan Africa	20.4	12.4	3.5	0.8	2.9	0.3	2.1	1.4	3.8
Low income	22.7	9.0	2.8	2.8	0.5	0.3	1.2	1.6	8.4
Lower middle income	27.5	11.4	3.1	0.1	1.5	0.2	3.0	1.0	13.3
Upper middle income	35.2	15.5	2.9	0.0	1.5	0.2	2.9	0.4	17.7
High income	22.3	17.1	4.5	0.0	0.5	0.0	0.9	0.1	8.2

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