World Development Indicators

Towards a broader measure of savings
Gross savings	Consumption of fixed capital	Education expenditure	Net forest depletion	Energy depletion	Mineral depletion	Carbon dioxide damage	Local pollution damage	Adjusted net savings

% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI
2021	2021	2021	2021	2021	2021	2021	2021	2021

Afghanistan	..	8.4	2.6	0.3	0.1	0.0	1.4	2.1	..
Albania	11.3	17.4	3.3	0.1	0.8	0.0	1.6	0.2	-5.7
Algeria	31.9	8.3	4.5	0.0	7.2	0.0	4.4	0.4	16.0
American Samoa	..	..	11.8	..	..	..	..	..	..
Andorra	..	..	2.4	..	..	..	..	..	..
Angola	19.6	10.0	3.6	0.8	20.2	0.0	2.0	0.7	-10.4
Antigua and Barbuda	17.0	11.1	2.3	..	0.0	0.0	1.2	..	..
Argentina	19.1	12.3	5.0	0.0	1.1	0.2	1.8	0.2	8.5
Armenia	15.0	12.9	2.3	0.3	0.0	0.9	1.8	0.4	1.0
Aruba	..	..	5.8	..	..	..	..	..	..
Australia	24.6	17.8	5.0	0.2	0.9	1.8	1.2	0.0	7.7
Austria	27.7	19.9	5.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.0	12.2
Azerbaijan	24.4	6.1	2.5	0.0	10.5	0.2	3.2	0.2	6.7
Bahamas, The	18.7	6.0	3.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.2	15.6
Bahrain	..	9.7	2.9	0.0	9.0	0.0	3.8	0.2	..
Bangladesh	33.9	1.0	0.9	0.1	0.2	0.0	1.2	0.7	31.7
Barbados	..	11.6	4.4	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.8	0.3	..
Belarus	29.4	16.0	4.7	0.0	0.4	0.0	4.2	0.2	13.3
Belgium	24.7	20.1	6.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.0	9.9
Belize	18.5	18.1	6.4	0.4	0.3	0.0	1.4	0.3	4.2
Benin	21.9	11.2	2.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.5	2.1	9.2
Bermuda	38.7	3.5	1.4	..	0.0	0.0	..	..	..
Bhutan	19.4	9.2	7.0	2.6	0.0	0.0	3.0	0.6	11.0
Bolivia	12.7	11.6	6.1	0.0	1.4	0.5	2.5	0.5	2.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15.9	16.0	..	0.0	0.0	0.0	4.7	0.4	..
Botswana	27.9	21.3	9.5	0.3	0.2	0.1	2.4	0.6	12.5
Brazil	15.3	11.2	6.3	0.0	1.6	0.4	1.3	0.2	7.0
Brunei Darussalam	49.4	10.2	4.0	0.1	10.7	0.0	2.5	0.1	29.8
Bulgaria	21.6	14.4	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	2.4	0.3	8.2
Burkina Faso	17.8	8.5	4.3	0.0	0.0	3.5	1.3	2.6	7.5
Burundi	..	15.4	5.2	12.3	0.0	0.0	1.0	1.9	..
Cabo Verde	35.2	12.8	5.2	0.3	0.3	0.0	1.4	0.5	25.1
Cambodia	28.5	10.9	2.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	2.2	0.5	16.9
Cameroon	13.7	11.8	2.7	2.7	1.1	0.0	0.9	1.4	-1.5
Canada	18.9	17.8	4.9	0.0	0.3	0.2	1.4	0.0	4.1
Cayman Islands	..	6.3	..	..	0.0	0.0	..	..	..
Central African Republic	..	21.1	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.7	1.0	..
Chad	..	13.6	1.8	4.1	6.8	0.0	0.5	4.5	..
Channel Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Chile	22.1	17.5	5.3	0.0	0.0	0.7	1.4	0.1	7.6
China	44.9	26.1	1.8	0.0	0.4	0.2	2.9	0.5	16.5
Hong Kong SAR, China	24.2	19.7	2.8	..	0.0	0.0	..	..	..
Macao SAR, China	54.3	8.5	2.5	..	0.0	0.0	..	..	..
Colombia	13.9	11.5	4.0	0.0	2.7	0.3	1.2	0.2	2.0
Comoros	9.6	8.1	2.5	1.5	0.0	0.0	1.0	1.1	0.5
Congo, Dem. Rep.	23.0	4.5	2.1	9.6	0.3	4.0	0.2	1.1	5.3
Congo, Rep.	..	24.6	2.5	5.2	24.5	0.0	1.3	1.2	..
Costa Rica	14.2	6.5	7.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.1	14.2
Cote d'Ivoire	18.0	3.1	3.2	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.8	1.1	14.8
Croatia	23.0	14.1	3.7	0.2	0.2	0.0	1.1	0.1	11.1
Cuba	..	..	13.0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Curacao	..	..	4.9	..	0.0	0.0	3.0	..	..
Cyprus	9.3	13.1	5.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.3	0.1	0.3
Czechia	29.8	22.2	3.7	0.2	0.0	0.0	1.7	0.1	9.2
Denmark	30.0	16.4	7.2	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.3	0.0	20.4
Djibouti	34.1	10.8	7.8	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.5	2.1	28.1
Dominica	..	15.0	5.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.2	..	..
Dominican Republic	24.2	6.5	2.5	0.0	0.0	0.9	1.3	0.4	17.6
Ecuador	25.8	19.1	3.9	0.0	4.0	0.0	1.6	0.3	4.8
Egypt, Arab Rep.	11.5	6.2	4.4	0.1	1.9	0.0	3.2	0.7	3.7
El Salvador	19.4	14.8	3.6	0.8	0.0	0.0	1.1	0.3	6.0
Equatorial Guinea	..	16.9	1.0	3.0	20.2	0.0	3.2	0.8	..
Eritrea	..	..	1.7	..	..	..	..	..	..
Estonia	29.0	15.5	4.6	0.0	0.1	0.0	2.1	0.0	15.9
Eswatini	16.9	14.3	7.1	3.5	0.0	0.0	1.2	1.3	3.6
Ethiopia	27.4	8.1	3.1	5.1	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.8	15.7
Faroe Islands	..	..	..	..	0.0	0.0	..	..	..
Fiji	21.6	13.1	4.0	1.1	0.0	0.4	1.7	0.6	8.6
Finland	24.6	19.3	5.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.0	10.4
France	21.1	19.8	4.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.0	5.8
French Polynesia	..	..	0.5	..	..	..	..	..	..
Gabon	..	20.3	3.1	3.5	9.6	0.0	1.3	0.3	..
Gambia, The	33.0	18.7	2.7	2.9	0.0	0.0	1.4	1.1	11.6
Georgia	11.9	15.2	1.8	0.1	0.0	0.5	2.7	0.5	-5.4
Germany	27.4	19.1	4.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.1	11.9
Ghana	23.8	10.0	4.2	3.6	2.0	1.9	1.0	0.7	8.8
Greece	7.3	16.0	3.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.3	0.1	-7.0
Greenland	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Grenada	..	11.0	3.8	..	0.0	0.0	0.9	..	..
Guam	..	..	8.3	..	..	..	..	..	..
Guatemala	18.8	12.3	3.1	0.0	0.1	0.2	1.1	0.6	7.6
Guinea	26.2	11.2	1.9	4.5	0.0	0.0	1.0	1.6	9.8
Guinea-Bissau	11.3	4.6	1.2	10.3	0.0	0.0	0.9	1.5	-4.3
Guyana	..	3.7	2.9	4.6	12.1	2.7	3.5	0.4	..
Haiti	18.6	5.7	1.5	0.6	0.0	0.0	1.0	1.9	11.3
Honduras	23.5	4.3	6.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.7	0.7	23.2
Hungary	26.5	18.0	4.3	0.0	0.1	0.0	1.2	0.2	11.2
Iceland	17.6	16.4	7.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.0	8.1
India	31.0	11.1	3.1	0.2	0.3	0.4	3.6	1.3	17.1
Indonesia	30.4	16.3	3.3	0.0	1.3	0.3	2.4	0.6	12.8
Iran, Islamic Rep.	..	20.2	3.7	0.0	3.4	0.7	12.6	0.4	..
Iraq	37.9	12.9	4.6	0.0	8.6	0.0	4.3	0.6	15.0
Ireland	49.1	36.2	4.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.0	16.6
Isle of Man	..	..	..	..	..	0.0	..	..	..
Israel	27.9	14.1	5.5	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.6	0.1	18.4
Italy	21.1	19.1	3.9	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.6	0.1	5.2
Jamaica	29.3	6.9	5.2	0.1	0.0	0.0	2.4	0.3	24.8
Japan	26.3	23.5	2.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.1	4.7
Jordan	4.0	4.8	2.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.4	0.3	-0.9
Kazakhstan	28.8	11.3	2.8	0.0	5.2	2.9	5.6	0.2	6.5
Kenya	14.1	15.3	4.9	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.8	1.0	0.3
Kiribati	..	5.3	6.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	..	..
Korea, Dem. People's Rep.	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea, Rep.	35.9	20.5	4.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.6	0.2	18.2
Kosovo	26.0	11.6	..	..	0.0	0.1	4.8	..	..
Kuwait	28.5	7.7	3.2	0.0	9.4	0.0	2.4	0.2	12.2
Kyrgyz Republic	34.0	14.0	5.4	0.0	0.1	8.4	6.1	0.4	10.4
Lao PDR	..	18.4	2.6	1.6	0.0	0.8	6.7	0.7	..
Latvia	25.2	22.5	3.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.1	5.6
Lebanon	2.5	21.0	2.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.9	0.4	-19.7
Lesotho	17.7	13.0	6.2	4.6	0.0	0.0	4.6	1.8	2.7
Liberia	..	25.6	3.7	17.7	0.0	0.0	2.1	1.0	..
Libya	..	8.0	2.1	0.1	1.9	0.0	7.3	0.5	..
Liechtenstein	..	..	3.1	..	..	..	..	..	..
Lithuania	21.4	13.3	3.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.1	10.9
Luxembourg	30.0	17.3	4.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.0	16.5
Madagascar	9.0	9.5	2.1	5.4	0.0	0.0	1.2	1.2	-6.3
Malawi	..	5.5	4.6	4.1	0.0	0.0	0.6	1.0	..
Malaysia	24.5	22.2	3.9	1.9	2.7	0.0	2.9	0.2	-1.4
Maldives	15.2	10.9	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.8	0.1	6.3
Mali	..	5.3	3.8	2.3	0.0	5.5	1.6	2.7	..
Malta	25.0	17.5	4.7	..	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.1	..
Marshall Islands	..	8.0	12.8	..	..	0.0	3.0	..	..
Mauritania	33.7	8.7	2.9	0.7	0.0	0.3	2.4	0.8	23.7
Mauritius	13.1	11.4	4.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.2	5.0
Mexico	24.6	20.3	4.5	0.0	1.3	0.2	1.7	0.2	5.3
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.	..	7.0	23.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.8	..	..
Moldova	16.1	13.1	4.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.6	0.2	4.8
Monaco	..	..	1.0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Mongolia	18.0	11.3	4.3	0.0	3.3	3.0	7.1	0.6	-2.9
Montenegro	5.1	10.5	..	0.2	0.0	0.0	1.9	0.3	..
Morocco	27.3	11.3	5.2	0.0	0.0	0.1	2.4	0.6	18.1
Mozambique	18.7	23.4	5.4	0.0	0.5	0.0	2.4	1.1	-1.7
Myanmar	30.8	5.4	1.7	1.8	1.3	0.3	2.4	0.9	20.3
Namibia	16.5	12.4	8.9	0.8	0.0	0.8	1.6	0.8	8.9
Nepal	32.9	6.6	2.9	0.5	0.0	0.0	1.8	0.8	26.0
Netherlands	29.2	17.7	4.6	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.7	0.1	15.3
New Caledonia	..	..	0.5	..	..	..	..	..	..
New Zealand	18.6	15.6	7.4	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.7	0.0	9.5
Nicaragua	27.5	9.8	4.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.6	0.4	19.7
Niger	23.9	3.6	2.4	0.0	0.4	0.1	0.8	2.7	19.2
Nigeria	23.7	12.4	0.9	0.0	2.1	0.0	1.4	2.5	6.2
North Macedonia	27.4	14.4	3.3	0.0	0.1	0.2	2.4	0.3	13.3
Northern Mariana Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Norway	30.7	19.5	6.6	0.0	4.6	0.0	0.4	0.0	12.8
Oman	16.0	7.0	6.5	0.0	22.2	0.0	4.3	0.1	-11.1
Pakistan	17.3	4.8	2.0	0.2	0.5	0.0	3.5	2.5	7.9
Palau	..	8.7	..	..	..	0.0	4.3	..	..
Panama	27.2	10.3	2.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.1	19.0
Papua New Guinea	..	7.6	6.9	2.1	4.3	2.0	1.3	1.3	..
Paraguay	23.9	6.6	3.4	1.7	0.0	0.0	1.1	0.2	17.7
Peru	18.6	9.7	3.4	0.1	0.2	0.9	1.0	0.2	9.8
Philippines	23.1	9.4	1.8	0.0	0.1	0.3	1.5	0.7	13.0
Poland	20.9	12.1	4.4	0.0	0.1	0.1	2.2	0.2	10.7
Portugal	17.6	19.9	4.9	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.9	0.0	1.5
Puerto Rico	..	23.0	8.6	..	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.1	..
Qatar	42.2	17.1	2.4	0.0	5.6	0.0	2.6	0.1	19.4
Romania	19.7	15.3	2.8	0.0	0.3	0.0	1.2	0.2	5.5
Russian Federation	27.7	12.8	4.4	0.0	4.7	0.5	4.5	0.1	9.5
Rwanda	12.2	13.2	3.1	3.8	0.0	0.0	0.5	1.3	-3.5
Samoa	..	10.4	4.2	0.3	0.0	0.0	2.0	0.7	..
San Marino	..	..	3.6	..	..	..	..	..	..
Sao Tome and Principe	..	22.1	3.5	1.9	0.0	0.0	1.3	1.3	..
Saudi Arabia	24.7	10.0	7.2	0.0	5.2	0.0	2.9	0.3	13.4
Senegal	..	9.9	5.0	0.0	0.0	1.3	1.8	1.2	..
Serbia	21.3	15.5	3.7	0.0	0.3	0.1	3.7	0.4	5.0
Seychelles	19.1	15.0	4.5	0.2	0.0	0.0	2.3	..	..
Sierra Leone	-2.8	5.9	2.7	7.1	0.0	0.0	1.2	2.4	-15.3
Singapore	45.8	19.8	2.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.1	28.3
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Slovak Republic	18.4	18.0	3.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.1	2.8
Slovenia	27.7	19.7	4.5	0.2	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.1	11.2
Solomon Islands	7.0	10.2	9.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	1.8	4.0
Somalia	..	7.4	1.0	14.9	0.0	0.0	0.6	7.3	..
South Africa	14.9	15.3	5.8	0.0	0.9	1.0	5.1	0.5	-2.2
South Sudan	..	..	1.8	..	..	..	..	..	..
Spain	21.4	17.2	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.0	7.4
Sri Lanka	24.5	7.4	1.6	0.1	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.3	17.2
St. Kitts and Nevis	..	11.9	3.5	..	0.0	0.0	0.8	..	..
St. Lucia	..	17.8	3.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.3	..
St. Martin (French part)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	..	17.5	5.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.4	..
Sudan	32.4	8.0	2.2	0.0	1.3	4.1	4.5	2.1	14.7
Suriname	..	16.0	3.4	3.9	4.8	0.0	3.3	0.3	..
Sweden	29.5	17.2	7.1	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.0	18.9
Switzerland	32.5	24.0	4.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.0	12.7
Syrian Arab Republic	..	4.4	2.6	0.0	0.5	0.0	5.4	0.5	..
Tajikistan	24.5	10.2	3.6	0.6	0.1	2.7	4.2	0.5	9.8
Tanzania	35.2	10.1	3.7	0.0	0.2	0.9	0.9	1.4	25.0
Thailand	28.6	17.2	3.7	0.0	0.9	0.0	2.1	0.4	11.7
Timor-Leste	8.4	5.7	3.2	0.1	4.2	0.0	1.9	0.7	-1.0
Togo	19.7	6.2	3.6	2.9	0.0	1.0	1.1	2.2	9.6
Tonga	14.4	8.5	2.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.6	0.4	6.8
Trinidad and Tobago	..	9.8	2.9	0.1	4.8	0.0	3.1	0.2	..
Tunisia	..	1.3	5.9	0.3	0.6	0.0	2.9	0.4	..
Turkiye	27.2	15.1	3.8	0.0	0.1	0.1	2.4	0.2	13.1
Turkmenistan	..	14.7	2.3	0.0	8.2	0.0	6.8	0.5	..
Turks and Caicos Islands	..	9.7	2.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	..	..
Tuvalu	..	6.6	..	..	0.0	0.0	0.7	..	..
Uganda	22.6	6.2	1.7	7.4	0.0	0.0	0.8	1.0	8.9
Ukraine	11.4	12.7	4.9	0.0	0.4	0.0	4.5	0.2	-1.7
United Arab Emirates	..	4.3	..	0.0	3.5	0.0	2.3	0.3	..
United Kingdom	14.2	16.3	5.3	..	0.4	0.0	0.5	0.1	..
United States	18.9	16.8	4.4	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.9	0.1	5.3
Uruguay	17.3	16.3	4.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.1	5.2
Uzbekistan	33.4	13.0	9.4	0.0	3.4	4.7	7.4	0.5	13.7
Vanuatu	40.5	8.6	4.5	0.6	0.0	0.0	0.8	2.3	32.7
Venezuela, RB	..	..	6.5	..	..	..	..	..	..
Vietnam	24.6	14.5	4.6	0.0	0.4	0.0	4.8	0.3	9.0
Virgin Islands (U.S.)	..	..	9.4	..	..	..	..	..	..
West Bank and Gaza	13.4	9.6	..	..	0.0	0.0	0.7	..	..
Yemen, Rep.	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Zambia	46.5	19.2	3.6	0.0	0.0	2.0	2.2	0.9	25.9
Zimbabwe	12.9	10.3	1.9	2.7	0.1	3.0	2.5	1.4	-5.1
World	26.9	18.5	3.9	0.1	0.6	0.2	1.6	0.3	9.6
East Asia & Pacific	37.4	23.4	2.5	0.0	0.4	0.2	2.3	0.3	13.2
Europe & Central Asia	24.0	18.0	4.7	0.0	0.5	0.1	1.1	0.1	8.9
Latin America & Caribbean	19.3	14.0	5.1	0.0	1.3	0.3	1.4	0.2	7.1
Middle East & North Africa	29.4	10.7	5.1	0.0	3.6	0.1	3.5	0.4	14.6
North America	19.0	16.9	4.4	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.9	0.1	5.3
South Asia	30.0	9.3	2.7	0.2	0.3	0.3	3.2	1.3	18.1
Sub-Saharan Africa	21.2	11.9	3.3	1.6	1.8	0.7	2.0	1.4	5.2
Low income	24.1	8.3	2.8	4.8	0.4	1.2	1.1	1.6	10.2
Lower middle income	26.3	10.2	3.1	0.2	1.0	0.4	3.3	1.1	13.2
Upper middle income	36.9	21.8	2.8	0.0	1.1	0.3	2.8	0.4	13.4
High income	22.7	18.2	4.4	0.0	0.3	0.1	0.9	0.1	7.6

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