World Development Indicators

Towards a broader measure of savings
Gross savings	Consumption of fixed capital	Education expenditure	Net forest depletion	Energy depletion	Mineral depletion	Carbon dioxide damage	Local pollution damage	Adjusted net savings

% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI	% of GNI
2015	2015	2015	2015	2015	2015	2015	2010	2015

Afghanistan	-11.9	12.2	1.6	0.2	0.1	0.0	5.9	4.7	-33.2
Albania	16.0	10.1	3.2	0.1	1.0	0.1	1.3	0.3	6.4
Algeria	37.8	8.0	4.5	0.2	6.6	0.0	2.8	0.1	24.7
American Samoa	..	..	11.8	..	..	..	..	..	..
Andorra	..	10.3	2.4	..	..	0.0	..	..	..
Angola	-7.2	34.5	3.6	0.4	8.7	0.0	1.1	1.5	-49.6
Antigua and Barbuda	8.9	11.4	2.3	..	0.0	0.0	1.5	..	..
Argentina	14.5	10.3	5.1	0.0	0.7	0.2	1.0	0.1	7.3
Armenia	17.4	12.2	2.1	0.2	0.0	1.8	1.6	0.6	3.2
Aruba	..	..	5.8	..	..	..	..	..	..
Australia	23.5	18.0	5.1	0.0	0.2	1.3	0.9	0.0	8.1
Austria	26.1	18.2	5.3	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.5	0.1	12.6
Azerbaijan	29.7	6.2	2.5	0.0	8.3	0.1	1.7	0.2	15.7
Bahamas, The	14.3	9.3	3.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.1	7.4
Bahrain	24.0	7.2	2.9	0.0	5.2	0.0	4.2	0.1	8.5
Bangladesh	33.9	8.1	1.6	0.3	0.6	0.0	1.2	1.3	24.2
Barbados	-5.4	10.9	6.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.1	0.1	-11.9
Belarus	27.4	8.9	4.7	0.1	0.2	0.0	3.3	0.3	19.3
Belgium	23.3	20.3	6.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.1	8.4
Belize	14.5	16.5	6.4	0.0	0.3	0.0	1.0	0.3	2.8
Benin	18.7	14.4	4.6	2.1	0.0	0.0	2.6	2.2	3.7
Bermuda	42.6	3.9	2.1	..	0.0	0.0	0.1	..	..
Bhutan	24.1	10.2	3.4	3.8	0.0	0.0	1.7	1.1	10.7
Bolivia	13.6	12.2	6.1	0.0	2.7	3.3	2.1	..	..
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10.6	13.7	..	0.2	0.0	0.1	4.4	0.4	..
Botswana	39.7	21.9	9.5	0.0	0.2	1.1	1.2	0.4	24.5
Brazil	14.7	8.6	5.5	0.1	0.7	0.5	0.8	0.2	9.4
Brunei Darussalam	53.5	9.6	2.0	0.0	5.3	0.0	1.9	0.0	38.7
Bulgaria	23.4	12.5	3.6	0.0	0.1	0.9	2.4	0.3	10.8
Burkina Faso	18.6	10.1	4.3	7.9	..	7.6	1.1	2.0	..
Burundi	2.0	11.9	5.2	16.4	..	0.3	0.3	1.8	..
Cabo Verde	29.7	22.1	5.0	0.7	..	0.0	0.9	0.6	..
Cambodia	16.4	10.2	1.6	1.1	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.9	4.6
Cameroon	10.4	12.6	2.7	0.0	1.2	0.1	0.9	1.8	-7.4
Canada	20.0	17.5	4.9	0.0	0.1	0.4	0.9	0.0	6.0
Cayman Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Central African Republic	..	19.4	1.2	0.0	..	0.1	0.6	0.8	..
Chad	..	8.7	1.6	3.6	3.9	0.0	0.2	4.2	..
Channel Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Chile	20.8	13.0	4.6	0.0	0.0	6.8	1.1	0.1	4.3
China	48.3	23.0	1.8	0.0	0.4	0.3	3.1	0.4	22.9
Hong Kong SAR, China	24.4	18.4	2.8	..	0.0	0.0	0.4	..	..
Macao SAR, China	56.8	1.6	2.1	..	0.0	0.0	0.1	..	..
Colombia	18.3	12.4	3.5	0.0	2.3	0.5	1.0	0.3	5.4
Comoros	..	6.0	3.6	3.4	..	0.0	0.9	2.0	..
Congo, Dem. Rep.	6.8	2.0	2.1	16.5	0.2	3.6	0.4	2.5	-16.4
Congo, Rep.	..	21.7	2.5	0.0	13.5	0.0	1.1	1.8	..
Costa Rica	..	5.7	7.1	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.1	..
Cote d'Ivoire	18.6	7.8	4.6	0.0	0.5	1.3	1.1	1.9	10.1
Croatia	23.4	15.9	4.2	0.0	0.3	0.0	1.1	0.2	10.2
Cuba	..	8.9	13.0	0.0	1.3	0.2	1.4	0.1	..
Curacao	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Cyprus	11.6	14.8	5.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.1	1.7
Czech Republic	28.8	23.1	4.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.7	0.1	4.7
Denmark	27.8	16.5	8.1	0.0	0.4	0.0	0.4	0.1	18.5
Djibouti	..	..	7.4	..	..	..	..	..	..
Dominica	5.4	19.6	5.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	..	..
Dominican Republic	22.3	5.0	2.5	0.0	0.0	1.4	1.1	0.4	17.0
Ecuador	24.6	13.6	3.9	0.2	1.7	0.1	1.4	0.2	11.4
Egypt, Arab Rep.	9.8	5.4	4.4	0.2	2.4	0.1	2.1	0.5	3.3
El Salvador	10.9	8.9	3.2	0.9	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.4	3.1
Equatorial Guinea	..	17.2	1.0	0.0	18.4	0.0	1.7	2.4	..
Eritrea	..	..	1.7	..	..	..	..	2.1	..
Estonia	27.5	16.4	4.4	0.0	0.1	0.0	2.9	0.2	12.3
Ethiopia	..	14.1	2.9	12.2	0.0	0.4	0.6	1.0	..
Faroe Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Fiji	13.7	15.3	3.9	0.0	0.0	0.5	1.5	0.5	0.0
Finland	20.3	18.9	6.7	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.6	0.0	7.3
France	20.4	17.6	5.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.0	7.4
French Polynesia	..	..	0.5	..	..	..	..	..	..
Gabon	..	16.2	3.1	0.0	6.9	0.2	1.1	0.5	..
Gambia, The	..	22.1	2.7	7.0	..	0.0	1.8	2.2	..
Georgia	21.2	10.6	1.8	0.0	0.0	0.6	1.8	0.6	9.3
Germany	27.1	17.3	4.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.1	13.7
Ghana	17.5	19.2	5.8	8.8	1.3	4.0	1.3	1.3	-12.4
Greece	10.0	19.4	3.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.1	0.1	-7.5
Greenland	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Grenada	-1.8	21.6	3.8	..	0.0	0.0	1.2	..	..
Guam	..	..	8.3	..	..	..	..	..	..
Guatemala	13.8	11.8	2.8	1.5	0.1	0.4	0.7	0.8	1.6
Guinea	-18.4	7.7	3.1	15.2	..	5.6	1.3	1.9	..
Guinea-Bissau	2.6	5.5	1.2	15.0	..	0.0	0.8	2.9	..
Guyana	9.4	3.9	2.9	0.0	0.0	7.0	2.0	0.4	-0.7
Haiti	29.6	5.3	1.5	1.1	0.0	0.0	0.9	1.2	22.0
Honduras	20.8	5.2	6.3	1.4	0.0	0.5	1.5	0.7	17.9
Hungary	26.1	17.9	4.5	0.0	0.2	0.0	1.1	0.2	11.1
Iceland	24.2	16.8	7.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.1	14.6
India	32.7	11.6	3.1	0.4	0.4	0.1	3.4	1.2	18.7
Indonesia	33.2	7.5	3.0	0.0	0.8	0.3	1.9	0.5	25.2
Iran, Islamic Rep.	..	20.1	2.9	0.0	3.8	0.3	4.4	0.2	..
Iraq	..	12.9	4.6	0.0	6.7	0.0	2.9	0.6	..
Ireland	40.0	19.9	6.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.1	26.2
Isle of Man	..	..	..	..	..	0.0	..	..	..
Israel	24.9	13.4	5.4	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.8	0.1	15.9
Italy	18.7	18.1	3.9	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.5	0.1	3.9
Jamaica	19.9	7.8	6.1	0.2	0.0	0.2	1.5	0.2	16.1
Japan	26.0	21.5	3.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.1	6.8
Jordan	14.4	8.9	4.2	0.0	0.0	0.2	2.0	0.2	7.4
Kazakhstan	31.9	13.5	3.1	0.0	2.9	1.3	4.7	0.4	9.7
Kenya	10.8	21.0	4.9	3.2	0.0	0.1	0.7	0.9	-10.8
Kiribati	..	4.0	6.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	..	..
Korea, Dem. People’s Rep.	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea, Rep.	35.4	19.5	4.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.4	0.1	18.5
Kosovo	18.2	11.7	..	..	0.0	0.6	3.5	..	..
Kuwait	28.9	7.3	3.2	0.0	9.5	0.0	2.5	0.1	12.7
Kyrgyz Republic	20.6	16.8	6.4	0.0	0.0	5.8	5.3	0.7	-1.6
Lao PDR	14.9	15.8	1.1	3.8	..	3.6	0.6	1.2	..
Latvia	21.3	22.9	4.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.3	1.7
Lebanon	25.8	18.4	2.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.5	0.2	7.8
Lesotho	..	12.1	9.7	6.1	..	0.0	2.0	1.6	..
Liberia	20.9	7.0	3.7	32.0	..	1.1	1.6	2.1	..
Libya	..	..	2.1	..	..	..	..	0.4	..
Liechtenstein	..	14.1	3.1	0.0	..	0.0	0.0	..	..
Lithuania	18.4	14.2	15.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.2	18.6
Luxembourg	35.4	17.5	3.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.1	20.9
Macedonia, FYR	31.3	21.3	3.3	0.0	..	1.3	2.4	0.4	..
Madagascar	4.5	9.2	2.1	0.0	..	0.2	1.1	1.9	..
Malawi	9.5	21.0	6.9	8.2	0.0	0.0	0.6	1.8	-15.5
Malaysia	28.8	17.0	6.1	0.0	1.6	0.1	2.8	0.3	13.3
Maldives	..	13.2	5.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.1	0.2	..
Mali	20.9	11.7	4.4	4.0	..	6.5	0.3	2.5	..
Malta	28.5	13.2	7.2	..	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.1	..
Marshall Islands	..	6.1	6.5	..	..	0.0	1.3	..	..
Mauritania	27.2	19.4	2.9	2.0	1.8	12.6	1.6	2.1	-9.0
Mauritius	5.6	16.8	4.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.1	-7.6
Mexico	22.2	11.4	5.0	0.1	1.2	0.4	1.3	0.2	12.6
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.	..	..	23.6	0.0	..	0.0	1.2	..	..
Moldova	14.3	5.9	6.1	0.3	0.0	0.0	2.1	0.4	11.9
Monaco	..	..	1.0	..	..	..	..	..	..
Mongolia	23.2	8.5	4.2	0.0	2.0	6.6	16.0	0.6	-6.2
Montenegro	7.0	11.2	..	0.0	0.0	0.1	1.4	0.3	..
Morocco	28.7	10.0	5.2	0.2	0.0	0.2	1.9	0.2	21.4
Mozambique	10.3	18.7	5.4	0.0	0.2	0.0	1.0	1.1	-5.1
Myanmar	..	4.2	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.1	0.6	0.8	..
Namibia	23.1	9.6	8.3	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.9	1.1	19.2
Nepal	45.4	6.8	4.2	1.2	0.0	0.0	1.1	1.4	39.2
Netherlands	28.0	16.6	4.9	0.0	0.4	0.0	0.7	0.1	15.1
New Caledonia	..	..	0.5	..	..	..	..	..	..
New Zealand	20.0	14.4	7.4	0.0	0.2	0.1	0.6	0.0	11.8
Nicaragua	24.1	7.2	4.1	1.9	0.0	1.5	1.2	0.4	16.1
Niger	21.7	3.2	5.2	12.0	1.2	0.1	1.1	3.6	7.5
Nigeria	16.9	10.7	0.9	1.1	1.6	0.0	0.6	1.4	2.3
Northern Mariana Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Norway	35.1	16.8	6.8	0.0	4.0	0.0	0.5	0.0	20.6
Oman	21.1	15.6	4.6	0.0	18.2	0.0	3.2	0.1	-11.3
Pakistan	22.0	4.8	1.9	0.2	0.6	0.0	1.7	1.8	14.9
Palau	..	10.0	..	..	..	0.0	3.0	..	..
Panama	35.4	7.4	2.8	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.7	0.1	30.9
Papua New Guinea	..	8.6	6.9	0.0	4.2	9.1	1.1	0.9	..
Paraguay	15.5	12.3	4.9	2.3	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.4	4.9
Peru	20.4	9.4	3.1	0.0	0.4	3.5	1.0	0.2	9.0
Philippines	35.5	7.4	1.8	0.2	0.1	0.7	0.9	0.5	27.6
Poland	20.4	11.9	4.8	0.1	0.1	0.2	2.0	0.2	10.9
Portugal	15.0	17.6	5.1	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.7	0.1	1.7
Puerto Rico	..	13.7	8.9	..	0.0	0.0	0.0	..	..
Qatar	47.6	14.3	2.5	0.0	2.5	0.0	1.5	0.1	31.8
Romania	25.1	19.1	2.8	0.0	0.6	0.0	1.2	0.4	6.7
Russian Federation	26.6	11.8	3.9	0.0	4.9	0.5	3.9	0.4	9.0
Rwanda	14.4	13.8	4.3	6.3	..	0.0	0.3	1.8	..
Samoa	..	9.9	4.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.1	0.4	..
San Marino	..	..	3.6	..	..	..	..	..	..
Sao Tome and Principe	..	50.1	3.5	0.0	..	0.0	1.2	2.1	..
Saudi Arabia	25.1	9.2	7.2	0.0	7.6	0.0	2.6	0.1	12.7
Senegal	17.4	13.5	5.2	0.0	0.0	1.2	2.2	1.1	5.6
Serbia	14.9	16.2	4.5	0.0	0.1	0.3	2.9	0.4	-2.9
Seychelles	17.4	15.1	3.5	0.0	..	0.0	1.4	..	..
Sierra Leone	6.3	10.1	2.8	10.0	..	2.3	0.7	2.4	..
Singapore	48.4	14.8	2.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.1	35.6
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Slovak Republic	23.0	20.8	3.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.1	0.1	4.7
Slovenia	26.1	21.2	5.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.1	0.1	9.1
Solomon Islands	..	8.5	9.9	16.6	0.0	2.8	0.5	2.0	..
Somalia	..	..	1.0	10.6	..	0.0	0.3	..	..
South Africa	16.8	14.3	6.0	0.0	0.7	1.1	4.6	0.5	1.5
South Sudan	-10.5	11.8	..	0.0	5.7	0.0	0.3	..	..
Spain	21.4	17.7	4.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.1	7.2
Sri Lanka	28.6	6.9	1.3	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.6	21.7
St. Kitts and Nevis	35.2	18.6	3.3	..	0.0	0.0	1.1	..	..
St. Lucia	12.2	10.0	4.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.2	5.5
St. Martin (French part)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	-3.1	21.1	5.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.2	-17.3
Sudan	6.5	9.0	2.2	0.6	0.4	1.8	0.6	2.9	-6.2
Suriname	51.3	12.8	3.4	0.0	1.6	11.2	1.3	0.2	27.7
Swaziland	24.6	15.3	9.2	1.9	0.0	0.0	0.8	2.5	14.4
Sweden	28.4	16.2	7.1	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.3	0.0	19.0
Switzerland	34.3	20.8	4.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.0	17.8
Syrian Arab Republic	..	..	2.6	..	..	..	..	..	..
Tajikistan	8.7	12.1	3.7	0.0	0.0	1.2	1.2	0.5	-6.5
Tanzania	22.9	7.4	3.7	0.0	0.1	1.7	0.9	1.1	15.7
Thailand	33.8	19.2	4.2	0.5	0.6	0.0	2.5	0.2	14.8
Timor-Leste	43.9	2.7	2.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.4	..
Togo	2.0	7.3	5.3	9.2	0.0	13.2	2.2	2.7	-23.2
Tonga	..	8.4	2.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.6	0.3	..
Trinidad and Tobago	..	23.2	2.9	0.0	6.2	0.0	6.3	0.1	..
Tunisia	12.4	18.3	5.9	0.3	1.5	0.4	2.1	0.2	-4.6
Turkey	14.3	6.8	2.6	0.0	0.0	0.1	1.5	0.2	8.3
Turkmenistan	..	16.6	2.3	..	5.1	0.0	6.1	0.7	..
Turks and Caicos Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Tuvalu	..	4.7	..	..	..	0.0	..	..	..
Uganda	17.0	14.3	2.0	13.6	..	0.0	0.6	1.6	..
Ukraine	15.1	12.5	6.6	0.0	0.9	0.1	7.2	0.4	0.6
United Arab Emirates	..	8.2	..	0.0	3.2	0.0	1.5	0.3	..
United Kingdom	13.1	13.3	5.4	0.0	0.3	0.0	0.5	0.1	4.3
United States	18.7	15.3	5.1	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.8	0.1	7.4
Uruguay	16.4	14.5	4.3	1.1	0.0	0.1	0.5	0.1	4.5
Uzbekistan	..	4.2	9.4	0.0	2.9	2.6	4.5	0.7	..
Vanuatu	29.5	8.5	5.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	1.5	24.3
Venezuela, RB	19.6	6.2	6.5	0.0	1.2	0.1	1.4	0.2	17.1
Vietnam	28.8	12.3	5.4	0.0	0.9	0.1	2.9	0.3	17.7
Virgin Islands (U.S.)	..	..	9.4	..	..	..	..	..	..
West Bank and Gaza	1.9	9.9	..	..	0.0	0.0	0.4	..	..
Yemen, Rep.	-5.4	4.9	3.6	0.0	0.4	0.0	1.5	..	..
Zambia	30.3	16.8	1.1	0.0	0.0	5.7	0.6	1.9	6.6
Zimbabwe	1.0	12.1	1.9	0.0	0.2	2.6	3.3	1.1	-16.1
World	26.4	16.4	4.2	0.1	0.5	0.2	1.4	0.2	11.7
East Asia & Pacific	39.1	20.7	2.7	0.0	0.3	0.2	2.1	0.3	18.1
Europe & Central Asia	22.4	16.0	4.8	0.0	0.6	0.1	1.0	0.1	9.5
Latin America & Caribbean	17.7	10.2	4.9	0.1	0.9	0.9	1.1	0.2	9.4
Middle East & North Africa	24.7	9.9	5.2	0.1	4.7	0.0	2.1	0.2	12.9
North America	18.8	15.5	5.0	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.9	0.1	7.3
South Asia	31.3	10.5	2.8	0.3	0.4	0.1	3.0	1.3	18.5
Sub-Saharan Africa	14.2	13.9	3.3	2.3	1.7	0.9	1.6	1.3	-4.1
Low income	14.5	10.6	3.2	6.7	0.4	1.5	1.2	1.9	-4.0
Lower middle income	26.8	10.2	3.1	0.4	0.9	0.3	2.3	1.0	14.8
Upper middle income	36.7	17.9	3.0	0.0	1.0	0.3	2.6	0.3	17.5
High income	22.2	16.6	4.8	0.0	0.3	0.1	0.8	0.1	9.1

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