World Development Indicators

Decent work and productive employment
Employment to population ratio				Vulnerable employment				Labor productivity
Total		Youth		Contributing family workers and own-account workers, male		Contributing family workers and own-account workers, female		GDP per person employed
% ages 15 and older		% ages 15-24		% of male employment		% of female employment		% growth
1991	2016	1991	2016	1990-1992	2013-2016	1990-1992	2013-2016	1991-93	2013-16

Afghanistan	50.4	48.0	43.6	36.7	..	..	..	..	-21.0	-3.1
Albania	56.4	42.1	39.6	21.8	..	56.7	..	56.4	4.0	3.0
Algeria	34.0	38.9	20.8	20.8	..	25.6	..	21.3	-2.9	2.6
American Samoa	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Andorra	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Angola	64.9	63.8	46.6	45.8	..	..	..	..	-21.9	-1.1
Antigua and Barbuda	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Argentina	54.2	57.0	47.5	34.9	..	23.7	..	17.8	8.9	-1.2
Armenia	48.7	52.9	23.4	23.5	..	41.3	..	42.5	-29.4	2.5
Aruba	..	..	..	..	5.1	..	2.3	..	..	..
Australia	57.2	60.9	57.5	58.2	14.9	13.0	10.1	8.4	2.1	1.4
Austria	54.2	56.5	61.2	51.8	12.9	9.0	14.2	7.9	0.5	1.2
Azerbaijan	58.1	61.9	38.9	29.7	..	47.3	..	64.2	-29.3	-1.2
Bahamas, The	63.9	62.7	44.8	41.6	..	..	..	..	-4.5	-2.0
Bahrain	63.6	68.0	40.3	41.7	4.0	..	0.5	..	5.8	2.5
Bangladesh	73.9	59.7	66.6	41.1	..	..	..	..	3.1	4.3
Barbados	56.1	58.5	41.4	31.6	..	..	..	..	1.2	0.9
Belarus	65.8	60.2	50.8	44.7	..	..	..	..	-7.7	-1.3
Belgium	45.8	49.1	31.5	23.9	16.5	12.8	15.9	8.7	0.1	0.8
Belize	57.2	62.2	50.6	44.6	..	..	..	..	10.9	-2.1
Benin	71.9	71.0	66.4	40.6	..	..	..	..	0.4	2.1
Bermuda	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Bhutan	63.5	65.2	41.6	27.9	..	63.2	..	84.1	5.4	2.9
Bolivia	62.8	70.5	47.4	48.8	29.9	47.9	51.9	63.2	0.0	2.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	36.1	34.1	18.0	9.2	..	18.2	..	18.9	-0.6	2.0
Botswana	63.5	63.2	45.0	38.1	..	12.9	..	13.1	0.6	0.5
Brazil	60.3	59.3	54.0	43.2	..	27.2	..	20.2	-1.5	-2.2
Brunei Darussalam	62.3	62.1	41.3	40.1	4.4	..	3.4	..	-1.1	-2.0
Bulgaria	47.5	49.8	30.0	21.1	..	9.9	..	6.9	-0.8	1.3
Burkina Faso	81.0	80.9	75.7	73.5	..	..	..	..	-0.7	1.0
Burundi	88.7	82.3	78.2	63.3	..	..	..	..	-3.6	-3.1
Cabo Verde	55.0	61.4	52.7	49.6	..	..	..	..	6.0	0.4
Cambodia	79.9	80.7	71.4	70.4	..	50.6	..	60.3	3.0	4.8
Cameroon	64.0	72.7	43.8	52.3	..	..	..	..	-9.0	2.6
Canada	59.5	60.8	57.4	55.9	9.7	12.2	7.6	9.1	2.1	0.9
Cayman Islands	..	..	..	..	..	7.4	..	..	..	..
Central African Republic	72.9	72.7	56.9	52.6	..	..	..	..	-6.0	1.3
Chad	68.0	67.4	51.7	51.3	..	..	..	..	-7.8	-1.1
Channel Islands	53.3	52.8	48.2	39.8	..	..	..	..	0.6	1.9
Chile	50.9	58.3	34.3	30.7	..	20.7	..	23.5	4.7	0.4
China	75.4	67.5	70.7	48.2	..	..	..	..	11.3	6.4
Hong Kong SAR, China	62.6	57.9	54.3	36.2	..	8.0	..	3.9	5.9	1.9
Macao SAR, China	55.8	69.0	45.2	41.6	..	4.3	..	2.3	5.7	-10.4
Colombia	48.8	61.8	35.6	35.1	29.7	46.5	26.3	46.9	-0.1	1.6
Comoros	43.1	46.0	25.6	24.2	..	..	..	..	2.4	-1.1
Congo, Dem. Rep.	69.0	68.5	42.4	41.2	..	..	..	..	-16.8	3.0
Congo, Rep.	56.5	62.0	31.8	36.3	..	..	..	..	-2.7	1.5
Costa Rica	55.1	56.1	47.9	34.8	24.7	14.6	19.6	12.1	4.2	2.0
Cote d'Ivoire	61.0	60.7	47.3	43.9	..	..	..	..	-3.7	5.2
Croatia	50.9	45.1	26.6	21.8	..	11.6	..	9.0	-9.9	-1.0
Cuba	51.7	53.8	39.2	38.1	..	..	..	..	-15.5	2.2
Curacao	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Cyprus	52.0	56.6	37.0	31.6	..	14.5	..	10.7	2.4	-2.6
Czech Republic	59.9	57.0	48.5	28.8	..	16.1	..	10.9	-0.1	2.0
Denmark	61.8	58.3	65.1	55.2	7.2	6.9	5.9	4.2	2.1	0.2
Djibouti	43.6	49.0	41.4	37.6	..	..	..	..	-6.9	4.2
Dominica	..	..	..	..	32.3	..	23.2	..	..	..
Dominican Republic	51.8	55.9	38.3	34.4	43.2	49.1	35.3	27.7	6.6	4.7
Ecuador	60.3	60.8	49.3	35.7	31.4	33.8	43.1	49.3	-0.1	-1.2
Egypt, Arab Rep.	43.3	43.6	21.7	22.0	..	20.1	..	46.4	3.1	1.0
El Salvador	57.4	59.0	46.3	40.9	..	31.5	..	45.8	6.2	0.9
Equatorial Guinea	77.3	76.0	67.2	62.3	..	..	..	..	18.2	-9.0
Eritrea	77.9	77.8	71.2	67.5	..	..	..	..	8.1	2.0
Estonia	66.8	57.6	50.1	33.6	4.5	6.7	3.6	4.7	-8.4	1.7
Ethiopia	76.5	78.2	72.3	71.2	..	46.2	..	52.3	-1.8	5.4
Faroe Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Fiji	53.6	50.0	41.6	32.4	..	..	..	..	1.4	3.5
Finland	59.5	53.0	48.7	41.3	20.5	12.5	10.7	7.3	4.7	0.6
France	50.2	49.4	32.8	27.9	10.3	8.9	9.9	6.1	1.1	0.8
French Polynesia	49.9	45.2	27.0	19.0	..	..	..	..	-2.4	-0.1
Gabon	48.8	40.1	21.8	11.3	..	..	..	..	-4.4	-0.1
Gambia, The	54.8	54.3	37.7	35.7	..	..	..	..	0.4	-0.9
Georgia	56.5	59.6	24.7	28.6	..	55.4	..	56.5	-47.7	3.2
Germany	56.4	57.7	57.9	46.5	4.9	6.9	5.7	5.2	1.7	1.1
Ghana	67.5	72.6	42.9	48.5	..	58.0	..	78.4	0.4	1.3
Greece	45.8	39.4	30.9	15.4	38.9	30.2	43.3	25.2	-2.2	-0.7
Greenland	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Grenada	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Guam	63.3	55.3	47.5	35.1	..	..	..	..	3.6	0.6
Guatemala	57.5	60.2	51.8	50.0	..	..	..	..	1.0	0.5
Guinea	62.2	76.7	49.2	63.9	..	..	..	..	-2.1	-1.6
Guinea-Bissau	67.5	68.1	49.7	46.8	..	..	..	..	-0.5	1.2
Guyana	52.6	52.7	39.9	34.5	..	..	..	..	7.0	2.1
Haiti	57.9	57.8	31.4	24.1	..	..	..	..	-5.2	-0.8
Honduras	56.8	61.6	48.4	45.9	..	47.7	..	55.8	1.2	1.4
Hungary	48.7	51.2	39.0	25.9	23.9	6.5	16.3	4.9	0.6	0.3
Iceland	73.1	71.1	57.0	68.0	25.6	10.5	11.8	6.4	-0.6	2.3
India	58.4	51.9	45.9	30.9	..	..	..	..	2.7	5.4
Indonesia	63.6	63.6	47.7	40.1	..	22.5	..	45.4	5.0	3.2
Iran, Islamic Rep.	40.5	39.7	28.7	22.3	..	39.9	..	42.2	-0.5	1.8
Iraq	34.1	35.7	22.1	18.3	..	..	..	..	24.7	-1.6
Ireland	44.9	54.9	37.8	31.8	23.8	18.0	8.2	5.9	1.9	9.5
Isle of Man	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Israel	51.7	60.3	43.0	44.6	..	9.0	..	6.9	-0.6	0.9
Italy	45.5	42.7	33.3	16.6	15.4	20.3	16.4	14.2	2.0	0.0
Jamaica	62.3	56.4	42.6	27.9	..	..	..	..	4.5	-1.1
Japan	62.4	57.2	43.0	40.7	17.3	8.7	24.4	8.3	-0.3	0.2
Jordan	34.1	34.8	20.2	15.4	..	..	..	..	4.9	0.1
Kazakhstan	67.5	67.7	51.6	40.3	..	26.3	..	24.9	-8.3	0.5
Kenya	66.7	59.8	45.1	30.5	..	..	..	..	-3.5	2.0
Kiribati	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea, Dem. People’s Rep.	79.4	76.1	75.7	63.6	..	..	..	..	-7.3	0.5
Korea, Rep.	58.9	58.6	35.9	25.1	34.9	28.4	41.0	24.6	4.7	2.3
Kosovo	..	..	..	..	..	31.5	..	20.8	..	..
Kuwait	58.8	67.1	29.7	31.5	..	..	..	..	45.9	-3.5
Kyrgyz Republic	60.4	58.2	42.5	40.5	..	40.1	..	32.9	-16.5	1.5
Lao PDR	79.6	76.5	71.9	59.0	..	..	..	..	3.1	4.9
Latvia	55.6	54.5	36.6	34.4	..	9.7	..	6.9	-21.6	2.7
Lebanon	39.4	44.0	23.8	23.5	..	..	..	..	1.7	-3.0
Lesotho	55.5	48.4	44.6	28.2	..	..	..	..	2.2	2.4
Liberia	57.7	58.5	34.5	32.5	..	..	..	..	-40.8	-2.0
Libya	38.1	42.9	17.6	18.4	..	..	..	..	-8.5	-12.3
Liechtenstein	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Lithuania	55.2	53.9	33.7	30.7	..	11.3	..	8.7	-21.5	2.1
Luxembourg	51.1	55.4	51.7	23.3	5.7	6.0	7.8	6.4	2.1	1.7
Macedonia, FYR	38.4	40.9	19.6	16.3	..	23.9	..	18.7	-7.5	1.8
Madagascar	82.4	84.6	69.1	73.7	..	81.4	..	90.0	-3.2	0.5
Malawi	72.0	75.6	49.7	53.5	..	..	..	..	0.6	0.3
Malaysia	59.9	61.3	46.4	35.3	30.7	20.0	24.8	25.3	6.4	3.0
Maldives	45.5	66.1	32.3	50.4	43.8	..	56.5	..	-0.7	1.7
Mali	47.2	61.0	36.6	53.1	..	..	..	..	0.2	3.1
Malta	47.1	49.6	55.0	44.7	..	12.2	..	5.1	3.0	3.1
Marshall Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Mauritania	37.3	41.8	22.2	21.7	..	..	..	..	-1.4	1.2
Mauritius	53.8	55.7	41.6	32.4	13.3	18.5	7.4	14.4	0.6	2.3
Mexico	56.9	59.7	50.4	43.6	45.9	25.4	39.3	30.3	-0.2	-0.1
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Moldova	61.8	40.2	43.6	18.4	..	39.2	..	28.7	-17.9	1.3
Monaco	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Mongolia	54.4	58.5	38.1	29.2	..	23.9	..	21.8	-8.5	1.4
Montenegro	43.1	40.3	22.8	18.8	..	13.8	..	9.4	-38.9	2.4
Morocco	43.9	44.4	35.4	27.9	..	..	..	..	-5.7	1.5
Mozambique	62.8	59.8	43.0	41.6	..	..	..	..	-3.8	3.4
Myanmar	75.5	77.2	55.4	55.6	..	..	..	..	5.4	6.2
Namibia	45.5	44.5	24.5	15.8	..	23.2	..	42.6	-1.2	0.1
Nepal	82.9	80.3	77.7	71.5	..	..	..	..	0.7	0.3
Netherlands	52.8	59.7	53.6	61.1	7.5	14.5	8.7	11.3	-0.3	1.1
New Caledonia	49.3	47.9	31.9	33.8	..	..	..	..	-2.3	1.4
New Zealand	56.7	63.9	54.3	51.2	15.6	13.9	9.6	10.3	1.9	2.1
Nicaragua	49.9	60.6	40.9	42.4	..	..	..	..	-3.7	2.6
Niger	55.6	63.0	47.8	54.8	..	..	..	..	-7.0	1.3
Nigeria	53.6	53.6	30.3	34.8	..	..	..	..	-1.3	-1.3
Northern Mariana Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Norway	58.7	61.7	49.0	49.4	13.6	6.7	6.5	3.8	3.5	0.8
Oman	46.1	57.1	20.5	22.3	..	..	..	..	-1.6	-5.1
Pakistan	47.6	50.9	38.4	39.3	..	..	..	..	1.6	1.8
Palau	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Panama	49.4	61.6	33.4	40.4	40.1	31.2	15.3	27.8	0.5	4.3
Papua New Guinea	70.1	68.6	56.9	51.0	..	..	..	..	13.1	3.1
Paraguay	67.4	67.7	63.4	52.5	..	37.4	..	42.1	-0.4	1.6
Peru	57.2	70.6	42.4	49.1	..	41.1	..	52.6	-1.4	1.5
Philippines	59.4	60.9	42.3	40.0	..	35.2	..	41.2	-1.8	3.6
Poland	54.9	53.2	33.5	28.6	31.2	19.1	29.0	15.0	4.8	1.7
Portugal	58.5	51.8	50.8	24.5	18.4	15.5	20.8	10.3	1.1	-0.1
Puerto Rico	38.2	37.1	21.1	18.2	..	..	..	..	1.3	-2.1
Qatar	79.0	83.9	54.3	62.4	..	0.2	..	0.1	3.3	1.1
Romania	55.2	52.1	45.5	22.1	26.6	28.4	40.0	27.1	-5.2	3.7
Russian Federation	58.1	59.7	40.8	32.4	1.0	6.4	0.5	5.4	-13.9	-0.7
Rwanda	88.4	82.7	80.2	67.8	..	..	..	..	3.0	3.2
Samoa	58.2	38.2	44.9	25.1	..	30.4	..	31.7	2.0	0.2
San Marino	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Sao Tome and Principe	53.5	52.4	40.2	28.4	25.9	..	29.7	..	-1.5	1.5
Saudi Arabia	49.6	51.5	23.3	12.1	..	3.3	..	1.2	-0.9	0.2
Senegal	62.0	51.8	51.8	36.2	..	..	..	..	-1.8	2.1
Serbia	47.8	42.9	27.6	16.7	..	29.2	..	22.4	-32.7	-1.4
Seychelles	..	..	..	..	..	17.8	..	5.2	..	..
Sierra Leone	63.4	64.8	40.7	42.1	..	..	..	..	-9.2	-7.7
Singapore	64.0	65.7	55.3	36.4	9.2	10.5	5.4	5.7	7.0	0.0
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Slovak Republic	57.9	53.5	45.2	24.0	..	14.9	..	8.5	-3.7	1.5
Slovenia	49.8	52.3	24.8	27.5	..	14.2	..	11.4	-0.6	2.3
Solomon Islands	44.9	46.2	25.7	25.9	..	..	..	..	4.5	0.1
Somalia	52.2	50.7	41.4	38.8	..	..	..	..	-5.4	-0.1
South Africa	41.7	39.5	18.5	12.6	..	9.1	..	9.8	-3.1	-0.3
South Sudan	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Spain	42.9	46.9	35.0	20.9	20.2	14.2	22.2	9.3	2.9	0.3
Sri Lanka	51.2	49.1	29.7	27.3	..	39.0	..	44.3	5.2	5.5
St. Kitts and Nevis	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
St. Lucia	54.5	55.9	38.7	34.4	..	..	..	..	1.8	-1.0
St. Martin (French part)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	50.2	53.9	37.0	32.0	..	..	..	..	3.7	0.9
Sudan	44.1	41.8	31.6	22.7	..	..	..	..	2.2	0.9
Suriname	49.1	49.0	27.7	21.4	..	13.7	..	10.0	0.8	-1.4
Swaziland	37.2	39.0	23.1	16.1	..	..	..	..	0.2	-1.8
Sweden	64.2	59.9	57.8	45.6	14.3	8.6	5.1	4.5	3.5	2.5
Switzerland	67.2	65.4	68.8	62.0	11.4	8.0	12.4	8.9	0.0	0.1
Syrian Arab Republic	47.0	35.7	38.7	19.7	..	..	..	..	3.9	-12.7
Tajikistan	59.4	61.2	42.4	40.2	..	..	..	..	-27.9	3.5
Tanzania	86.1	76.5	77.2	61.3	..	78.9	..	89.1	-2.4	3.5
Thailand	77.6	70.8	69.3	44.0	62.7	49.9	70.8	53.1	8.0	1.8
Timor-Leste	60.7	39.7	52.5	13.4	..	..	..	..	7.3	3.6
Togo	70.3	75.4	57.3	57.2	..	..	..	..	-13.4	2.4
Tonga	53.7	60.2	38.1	34.6	..	..	..	..	0.0	1.8
Trinidad and Tobago	44.9	60.3	32.9	41.2	20.7	20.3	20.0	11.6	-4.8	-1.4
Tunisia	41.3	40.6	28.7	22.3	..	..	..	..	2.2	0.3
Turkey	51.8	45.1	47.6	33.9	53.3	24.7	76.7	37.0	8.6	1.8
Turkmenistan	54.9	56.7	37.2	37.7	..	..	..	..	-10.6	5.2
Turks and Caicos Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Tuvalu	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Uganda	81.0	83.1	62.8	72.5	..	72.0	..	85.5	3.9	1.2
Ukraine	57.6	53.9	34.1	31.2	..	16.2	..	13.1	-11.9	-4.2
United Arab Emirates	70.7	76.5	44.3	42.4	..	..	..	..	-4.9	3.1
United Kingdom	57.4	59.6	63.5	51.3	12.5	15.6	6.1	9.1	3.4	0.7
United States	60.7	58.9	54.3	45.9	10.7	7.5	6.4	5.2	2.1	0.7
Uruguay	55.3	60.1	44.6	41.5	..	23.5	..	21.1	3.6	1.4
Uzbekistan	54.1	56.5	36.4	37.6	..	..	..	..	-9.2	5.3
Vanuatu	78.1	67.2	68.4	50.7	..	..	..	..	-0.9	-0.9
Venezuela, RB	54.4	60.3	37.9	35.1	..	30.2	..	30.4	0.6	-9.3
Vietnam	76.7	76.7	71.2	56.5	..	52.0	..	63.9	5.8	4.9
Virgin Islands (U.S.)	58.6	55.7	40.9	41.3	..	..	..	..	3.3	2.8
West Bank and Gaza	29.6	33.0	18.3	17.6	..	23.8	..	31.0	6.4	-2.4
Yemen, Rep.	39.8	41.3	25.8	25.2	..	..	..	..	2.2	-16.4
Zambia	64.4	69.7	45.7	49.0	56.2	..	81.1	..	0.3	0.4
Zimbabwe	69.2	78.3	47.5	63.6	..	66.1	..	82.7	-7.0	-0.9
World	62.4	59.2	52.2	39.9	..	..	..	..	0.0	1.8
East Asia & Pacific	71.9	66.5	64.0	46.3	..	..	..	..	3.5	4.2
Europe & Central Asia	54.4	53.7	42.8	34.2	14.7	14.9	13.2	12.0	-1.7	0.8
Latin America & Caribbean	56.7	60.0	47.5	41.1	..	28.3	..	27.1	-0.1	-1.0
Middle East & North Africa	42.0	43.7	26.6	22.4	..	..	..	..	0.7	0.0
North America	60.5	59.1	54.6	46.8	10.6	8.0	6.5	5.6	2.1	0.8
South Asia	59.0	52.9	47.6	33.7	..	..	..	..	2.4	4.8
Sub-Saharan Africa	63.5	64.3	46.6	47.1	..	..	..	..	-3.4	0.1
Low income	72.6	72.0	60.2	57.2	..	..	..	..	-5.3	1.8
Lower middle income	59.1	55.4	45.4	35.3	..	..	..	..	0.6	3.1
Upper middle income	67.0	62.2	59.5	41.1	..	..	..	..	-0.7	3.1
High income	56.6	56.2	46.3	39.1	14.6	10.5	13.4	7.8	1.7	0.9

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